(C) 2010 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of review

This review is designed to aid general pediatricians as they assess cases of possible child maltreatment. The authors have selected salient articles that inform the daily practice of any professional involved in assessing child abuse.

Recent this website findings

The incidence of child abuse continues to decline in the United States, although

a large number of children still suffer from abuse and neglect, and many are subject to more than one type of maltreatment. Clinicians are encouraged to be vigilant about the subtle indicators of physical abuse, with many authors adding to our understanding about how children present after inflicted abdominal or skeletal trauma. Clinicians are also cautioned to watch for signs of Munchausen syndrome by proxy,

which may be elusive and difficult to discern.

Summary

The field of child abuse pediatrics is still young, with the first board certification in 2009. The volume of research in the field is exploding and there is a greater level of awareness and data collection occurring throughout the world. Pediatric clinicians are encouraged to play a role in preventing abuse and neglect, as well as addressing intimate partner violence, and to maintain vigilance about child maltreatment and its subtle clinical presentations.”
“Malaria results in over 650 000 deaths each year; thus, there is an urgent need for selleck an effective vaccine. Pre-clinical BMS-345541 research buy studies and recently reported human trials suggest that pre-erythrocytic stage vaccines can provide protection against infection. A Phase 1, randomized,

placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study was conducted with a vaccine composed of a replication-deficient adenovirus-35 backbone with P. falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) surface antigen (Ad35.CS.01). Healthy adult subjects received three doses of 108, 109, 1010, or 1011 vp/mL Ad35. CS.01 vaccine or saline placebo intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6-mo intervals. Adverse events were assessed and anti-CS antibody responses were determined by ELISA. Seventy-two individuals were enrolled, with age, gender, and ethnicity similar across each study arm. While the vaccine was generally well tolerated, adverse events were more frequent in the highest dose groups (1010 and 1011 vp/mL). More robust humoral responses were also noted at the highest doses, with 73% developing a positive ELISA response after the three dose series of 1011 vp/mL. The Ad35. CS.01 vaccine was most immunogenic at the highest dosages (1010 and 1011 vp/mL). Reactogenicity findings were more common after the 1011 vp/mL dose, although most were mild or moderate in nature and resolved without therapy.

(C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2324-2330, 2011″
“Purpose: To present an unenhanced four-dimensional time-resolved dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) angiography technique with true fast imaging with steady-state precession-based

spin tagging with alternating radiofrequency (STAR), also called TrueSTAR.

Materials and Methods: This study received Institutional Review Board approval and was HIPAA compliant. Informed consent was obtained from all study subjects. In eight healthy selleck volunteers, the spatial and temporal resolution of the TrueSTAR technique were optimized. In another six healthy volunteers, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of

the TrueSTAR dynamic MR angiography images were compared with those acquired by using a standard Look-Locker echo-planar technique by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Finally, one patient with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was studied by using this technique.

Results: The SNR and CNR of the learn more TrueSTAR dynamic MR angiography images were 29% and 39% higher, respectively, compared with those acquired by using a standard Look-Locker echo-planar imaging sequence (both P = .028). In the AVM patient, TrueSTAR dynamic MR angiography delineated the dynamic course of labeled blood flowing through feeding arteries into the nidus and draining veins.

Conclusion: The results suggest that TrueSTAR

is a promising unenhanced dynamic MR angiography technique for clinical evaluation of cerebrovascular disorders such as AVM, steno-occlusive disease, and aneurysm.”
“P>The find more green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has a complex anaerobic metabolism characterized by a plastidic hydrogenase (HYD1) coupled to photosynthesis and a bacterial-type fermentation system in which pyruvate formate lyase (PFL1) is the central fermentative enzyme. To identify mutant strains with altered hydrogen metabolism, a C. reinhardtii nuclear transformant library was screened. Mutant strain 48F5 showed lower light-dependent hydrogen (H-2) evolution rates and reduced in vitro hydrogenase activity, and fermentative H-2 production in the dark was enhanced. The transformant has a single integration of the paromomycin resistance cassette within the PFL1 gene, and is unable to synthesize PFL1 protein. 48F5 secretes no formate, but produces more ethanol, d-lactate and CO2 than the wild type. Moreover, HYD1 transcript and HYD1 protein levels were lower in the pfl1 mutant strain. Complementation of strain 48F5 with an intact copy of the PFL1 gene restored formate excretion and hydrogenase activity to the wild type level. This analysis shows that the PFL1 pathway has a significant impact on hydrogen metabolism in C. reinhardtii.

Results. Neurological involvement was observed in 13 patients (6.1%). selleck kinase inhibitor No permanent inferior alveolar nerve damage was found (0%) and only 1 patient presented a permanent lesion of the ipsilateral lingual nerve (0.3%). Pell and Gregory classification and surgical difficulty were not associated with the incidence or gravity of neurological lesions (P = NS). Among the pathologies associated with third molars, only the variable “”abscess”" presented a significant correlation

with paresthesia (OR 6.86; 95% CI 1.21-38.8; P = .029).

Conclusion. The percentage of nerve injuries agrees with the literature data, inclusion class, and surgical technique seem not to influence paresthesia risk. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the role of infectious pathologies as a cofactor in the development of neurological lesions after oral surgery. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 107: e8-e13)”
“The RAPD technique was used for determining genetic differences between 12 wild-olive varieties grown in the Aegean

provinces of Izmir, Mugla, and Manisa in Turkey. Wild olives obtained from the same provinces were included in the same plot. Twenty of 25 operon primers (OP-I 4, OP-I 14, OP-I 15, OP-I 16, OP-I 17, OP-Q1, OP-Q2, OP-Q3, OP-Q4, OP-Q11, OP-Q12, OP-Q13, OP-Q14, OP-Q15, OP-Q16, OP-Q17, OP-Q18, OP-Q19, OP-Q20, OP-F1, OP-F2, OP-F3, OP-F6, OP-F7, OP-F8) yielded bands. The differences between the varieties were determined based on their genetic similarities, using principal coordinate analysis; genetic distances were determined using neighbor-joining analysis. The varieties HDAC inhibitor wild 7 and wild 12 had the lowest genetic similarity (0.97, Jaccard similarity index); they also had the greatest genetic distance between them (0.3606,

Nei’s genetic distance). It was concluded that the RAPD technique is adequate for the evaluation of genetic relationships among wild olives. Principal coordinate analysis and neighbor-joining analysis gave results that support the use of this type of analysis to help understand the genetic background of olives and for further genetic studies.”
“This article presents and interprets a series of experiments performed to measure the velocity see more of four inert low-density porous materials that were accelerated by an ablated thin-film titanium metal, created by vaporizing a 250-nm-thick layer of titanium with a high-energy, Q-switched, pulsed, and 1.054 mu m neodymium-glass laser. Inert powder materials were chosen to match, among other characteristics, the morphology of energetic materials under consideration for use in detonator applications. The observed behavior occurs near the thin-film titanium ablation layer, through complex physical mechanisms, including laser absorption in the metal layer, ablation and formation of confined plasma that is a blackbody absorber of the remaining photon energy, and vaporization of the remaining titanium metal.

The mass exchange process is taken into account by adopting a kinetic ablation model and a revised deposition model. The momentum and energy exchange processes associated with the ablated and deposited mass are also considered. By solving this model, key plasma parameters are calculated and presented in the paper. It is shown that distinct two-dimensional features exist in the distribution of these plasma parameters. Further, the calculated temperature results are consistent with previously presented measurements (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3658812]“
“Poria, a dried sclerotium of Wolfiporia cocos Ryvarden et Gilbertson (Polyporaceae)

has been used as a crude drug in both Chinese and Japanese (Kampo) traditional medicines. Recently, cultivated check details products of Chinese Poria ASP2215 clinical trial strains have accounted for most of the market, while the cultivation of Japanese Poria strains has not been successful. Aiming to determine the relationship between the differences in cultivation characteristics and genetic polymorphism, we conducted a field cultivation experiment, a rot test, and rapid amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of Poria strains collected from China and Japan: 3 Chinese and 7 Japanese strains. In field cultivation, although there was no marked inferiority of Japanese strains

to Chinese ones in either mycelium propagation or the rate of sclerotium formation, Chinese strains formed whiter sclerotia with a mean size more than twice that of Japanese ones. Representatives of Chinese and Japanese strains, Yunnan and Kaimondake, respectively, were tested for wood-rotting ability. More wood was utilized and the wood color was darker in trials of the BMS-754807 solubility dmso Yunnan strain. Amplifications of total DNA of these 10 fungal strains with 2 primers, PC-6 and PC-11, in RAPD analysis showed a difference

in the amplicon profile between Japanese and Chinese strains, suggesting differences in their genetic background.”
“The question whether radiation-induced thyroid cancer differs by its molecular biology from sporadic disease still remains. Studies on tissue from patients who developed thyroid cancer after the Chernobyl accident have provided a unique opportunity to look for biological consequences of low-dose irradiation by comparing the gene expression profile of sporadic papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), whose aetiology is unknown, and PTC induced by internal radiation. So far, four transcriptomic studies comparing radiation-induced and sporadic thyroid cancer have been reported. However, no final conclusion has been drawn regarding the presence of a radiation signature, as either no difference was noted or the reported differences were not sufficiently convincing due to the low number of cases analysed or to the presence of confounding factors.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of simultaneous endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for synchronous double early gastric cancers.

We retrospectively evaluated 832 single gastric cancers from 789 patients treated by single ESD (single group) and 124 synchronous double cancers from 62 patients treated by simultaneous ESD (simultaneous group).

The overall rate of en bloc resection and curative resection was comparable between the two groups. Procedure time was significantly longer in the simultaneous group than in the single group (131.0 +/- A 66.5 and 94.8 +/- A 64.1 min, respectively, P < 0.001). White blood cell count

on the day after ESD was significantly higher in CT99021 mouse the simultaneous group (9310 +/- A 2774/mu l) than in the single group (8633 +/- A 2341/mu l) MRT67307 datasheet (P = 0.032). Length of fasting period after ESD was 1.1 +/- A 0.5 days in the single group and 1.4 +/- A 1.1 days in the simultaneous group (P = 0.082). Complications were more frequent in the simultaneous group than in the single group (11.3 vs. 5.4 %, respectively), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.082). Complication rate

per one lesion did not differ between the two groups (5.6 vs. 5.4 %, respectively, P = 0.914). Multivariate analysis showed procedure time longer than 150 min was independently predictive for complications of simultaneous ESD (P < 0.042, odds ratio = 6.094). Large tumors, upper portion location and tumors not in the standard guideline criteria were significantly associated with long procedure time.

Simultaneous ESD for synchronous

early gastric cancer can be a feasible and safe option, and it can reduce hospital stay. These results need to be validated by further studies.”
“Introduction: The evaluation of cardiovascular side-effects is a critical element in the development of all new drugs and chemicals. Cardiac safety issues are a major cause of attrition and withdrawal due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in pharmaceutical drug development. Methods: The evolution of the HESI Technical Committee on Cardiac check details Safety from 2000-2013 is presented as an example of an effective international consortium of academic, government, and industry scientists working to improve cardiac safety. Results and Discussion: The HESI Technical Committee Working Groups facilitated the development of a variety of platforms for resource sharing and communication among experts that led to innovative strategies for improved drug safety. The positive impacts arising from these Working Groups are described in this article. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: To assess the likelihood of patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) to be affected by metabolic syndrome (MS) and to evaluate the risk for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in these patients.

System evaluation based on EC posterior variance is an intuitively appealing and physically meaningful method that is useful for evaluation of system performance in ROI quantitation tasks.”
“Nanochannels https://www.selleckchem.com/products/i-bet-762.html offer a way to align and analyze long biopolymer molecules such as DNA with high precision at potentially single basepair resolution, especially if a means to detect biomolecules

in nanochannels electronically can be developed. Integration of nanochannels with electronics will require the development of nanochannel fabrication procedures that will not damage sensitive electronics previously constructed on the device. We present here a near-room-temperature fabrication technology involving parylene-C conformal deposition that is compatible with

complementary metal oxide this website semiconductor electronic devices and present an analysis of the initial impedance measurements of conformally parylene-C coated nanochannels with integrated gold nanoelectrodes. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3212074]“
“To present the motor deficits and type of neurogenic bladder dysfunction (NBD) in patients with vertebral fractures at thoracolumbar junction.

Fifty-two patients with single level vertebra fracture over T11-L2 with onset duration of longer than 3 years were enrolled. All participants provided basic demographic data, ambulatory status and received neurologic examination and urodynamic studies. The differences in distribution of NBD types, neurologic injury sites and functional walkers in patients with different levels of vertebral injury were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to define the cutoff value of lower extremities motor score (LEMS) in functional walker and non-walker.

Of the 52 patients, the injured levels were 3 (5.8%) in T11, 21 (40.4%) in T12, 22 (42.3%) in L1, and 6 (11.5%) in L2 vertebrae. Eight (15.4%) patients had upper lumbar cord lesions, 26 (50.0%) had epiconus and

lumbar roots lesions, 18 (34.6%) had conus medullaris or/and cauda equina lesions. Mean LEMS was 0 +/- A 0, 5.4 +/- A 7.7, 11.1 +/- A 10.2, and 28.0 +/- A 11.0 for patients with T11, T12, L1, and L2 fractures, respectively. Patients with L2 fractures had higher LEMS than other levels (p < 0.001). The cutoff value of LEMS for functional walking was set at 20, and both selleck inhibitor the sensitivity and specificity was 100%. Thirty-one (59.6%) patients had spastic NBD, 18 (35.6%) had flaccid NBD, and 3 (5.8%) had mixed type NBD. Positive prediction value of ankle spasticity for bladder and sphincter spasticity was 95.2 and 100%, respectively.

Half of the patients had epiconus lesion following thoracolumbar junction fracture, and they had a clinical presentation of flaccid legs and spastic NBD. Patients with L2 fracture had higher LEMS than patients with T11, T12, and L1 fracture. Patients whose LEMS was higher than 20 could all walk functionally.

It was observed that the effect of the artificial perspiration on the properties of all of the materials tested was the same as that of water alone. Of all of the cleaning chemicals,

used, only chlorine bleach had a detrimental effect on the yarn properties. All other cleaning chemicals had the same effect as water alone. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 567-584, 2009″
“A long wavelength infrared focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices was fabricated and characterized at 80 K. The noise equivalent temperature difference in the array was measured selleckchem as low as 23 mK for an integration time of 0.129 ms. The noise behavior of the detectors was properly described by a model based on thermal, shot, read out integrated circuit, and photon noises. The noise of the imager was dominated by photon noise for photon fluxes higher than selleck chemical 1.8 x 10(15) ph s(-1) cm(-2). At lower irradiance, the imager was limited by the shot noise generated by the dark current or the noise of the testing system. The superlattice detector did not create 1/f noise for frequencies above 4 mHz. As a result, the focal plane array did not require frequent calibrations. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3224958]“
“The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three diets with varying macronutrient and fibre contents on postprandial plasma glucose, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and insulin

concentrations over a 12 h period in 12 healthy neutered lean dogs. Each diet was fed to each dog for 3 weeks in a three-period cross-over study. Plasma analyte concentrations were measured prior to and after a

meal at the end of the third week of each period. Postprandial glucose concentrations for the moderate carbohydrate and fibre diet were 0.4-0.7 mmol/L (8-12 mg/dL) lower than for both higher carbohydrate diets (p <= 0.02). Postprandial glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations in some dogs did not return Stem Cell Compound Library to baseline by 12 h after feeding of each of the three diets. These results indicate that the moderate carbohydrate and fibre diet warrants evaluation in diabetic dogs. Variables should be measured over at least 12 h after feeding to fully evaluate postprandial dietary effects on these analytes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Layered-silicate-based polymer-clay nanocomposite materials were prepared depending on the surface modification of montmorillonite (MMT). Nanocomposites consisting of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) as a matrix and dispersed inorganic clay modified with cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), benzyl dimethyl N-hexadecyl ammonium chloride, and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide by direct melt intercalation were studied. The organoclay loading was varied from 1 to 5 wt %. The organoclays were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) to compute the crystallographic spacing and with thermogravimetric analysis to study the thermal stability.

1%. The stone-free Pevonedistat order rates of the stones in the renal pelvis, lower, middle, and upper calices were 72.4%, 56%, 55.6%, and 69%, respectively. The stone-free rate of the stones <= 1 cm(2), 1.1 to 2 cm(2), and > 2 cm(2) was 50.2%, 39.6%, and 10.2%, respectively (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Stone burden rather than stone location is considered as a predicting factor for the outcome of SWL in a solitary

renal stone, especially in the renal pelvis and lower calix.”
“BACKGROUND: Multiple products to prevent adhesions or lessen the risk of soft tissue attachments are commercially available. The long-term nature of these products is unknown, and they may cause foreign body reactions masquerading as recurrent disease in patients with cancer.

CASE: A perimenopausal female underwent a hysterectomy and placement buy Nirogacestat of a surgical implant, polylactic acid. Final pathology revealed stage IA low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Areas suspicious for recurrence were noted on radiographic imaging 1 year later, resulting in exploratory surgery. The suspicious areas were found to be foreign body reactions. Mass spectrometry identified the main component of the reactions as polylactic acid.

CONCLUSION: Adhesion barriers and other surgical implants may not always be completely metabolized and should be used with caution in patients with cancer. (Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 450-2) DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f70bf0″
“Sandwich

panels of tannin/furanic foams laminated on the two faces with thin high density natural fibres/tannin resin matrix composites, or other thin panels such as plywood, yield light panels that have better bending strength of the surface composite and better mechanical properties of the brittle rigid tannin/furanic foams. The tannin-resorcinol-formaldehyde cold-set adhesives for bonding the surface composites on to the tannin/furanic foam and bonding foam to foam were examined by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Small molecule library cost Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The analysis revealed that the adhesive was composed of resorcinol-formaldehyde

oligomers, unreacted flavonoids, and resorcinol-formaldehyde oligomers coreacted with flavonoid units of the tannin. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Fenoxaprop-ethyl is a selective aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide used widely to control annual and perennial grasses. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) against fenoxaprop-ethyl (FE), designated as 3E6B9C, was produced and had very low cross-reactivity with some of its structural analogs, such as clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, lactofen, and quizalofop-p-ethyl. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was developed. The concentration of R-(+)-fenoxaprop-ethyl (R-FE) producing 50% of inhibition (IC(50)) and the working range of icELISA were 3.1 ng/mL and 0.6-29 ng/mL, respectively. This assay is also sensitive to R-fenoxaprop, S-(-)-fenoxaprop-ethyl, and metamifop with IC(50) of 3.4, 2.

Netobimin reduced the EPG by 100%, 100%, 77%, 80% and 75% 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks post-treatment, respectively. The specific behaviour of the two enantiomers probably reflects different enantioselectivity of the enzymatic systems of the liver which are responsible for sulphoxidation and sulphonation of ABZ. Considering the pharmacokinetic and efficacy parameters NTB could be used

as an anthelmintic in horses. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Prematurity at birth is a known risk factor for the development of an early chronic renal disease. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) Combretastatin A4 mouse is a well established biomarker of kidney injury, while high blood levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are associated with the future development of adverse cardiovascular events and cardiac death.

Aims: (1) to verify the presence of statistically significant differences between urinary NGAL and hematic ADMA levels in young adults born preterm at extremely

low birth weight (<1000 g; ex-ELBW) and those of a control group of healthy adults born at term (C) (2) to seek correlations between NGAL and ADMA levels, which would indicate the presence of HSP inhibitor an early cardio-renal involvement in ex-ELBW.

Methods: Twelve ex-ELBW subjects (six males and six female, mean age: 23.9 +/- 3.2 years) were compared with 12 C (six males and six female). Urinary NGAL and hematic ADMA levels were assessed.

Results: Urinary NGAL levels were higher in ex-ELBW subjects compared to C (p<0.05), AZ 628 solubility dmso as well as hematic ADMA concentrations (p<0.05). A statistically significant correlation was

found between urinary NGAL and ADMA (r = -0.60, p<0.04).

Conclusions: Our preliminary findings support the hypothesis that in ex-ELBW subjects the development of an early chronic kidney disease contributes towards inducing an increase in the atherosclerotic process and in the risk of future adverse cardiovascular events.”
“This study was conduced to assess the daily rhythm of tear production in clinically healthy dog. For Our study eight female purebred Beagles were subjected to three different Light/Dark schedules: 12/12 L/D, 24/0 L/D and 0/24 L/D cycles. In all subjects Schirmer tear test I was performed at 4 h intervals over a 24 h period. A statistical significant effect of photoperiod was observed comparing the three different L/D schedules, and a statistical significant difference was observed comparing left and right eye during the 12/12 L/D schedule. We demonstrated daily variation of tear production in dogs maintained under an L/D cycle. We also provided strong evidence that the rhythm of tear production is endogenously generated because it persisted in constant darkness.

Higher iron loading chemistries have a direct improvement in magnetic force and

therefore increase the viability of the technique, albeit along an asymptotic trendline.

Conclusions: We are able to characterize the potential for kidney stone capture via magnetic attraction. Computer-developed models show good correlation with experimental results using actual magnetized stone samples. Future research efforts can use the proposed techniques to estimate the performance impact of advanced magnetic tools and surface chemistries.”
“Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of endoscopic management of subglottic stenosis both as a primary and as an adjunctive treatment in the pediatric population.

Methods: Retrospective review of pediatric patients with subglottic stenosis undergoing endoscopic airway procedures at a tertiary care pediatric PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 cell line medical center. Outcomes were assessed by systematic review AG 1879 to determine the success and failure of the endoscopic approach.

Results:

Forty patients (22 male, 18 female) underwent endoscopic interventions for a diagnosis of subglottic airway stenosis between 2003 and 2000. Age ranged from 22 days old to 20 years old. Recorded degree of subglottic stenosis ranged from 10% to 99%. Fifty-three percent (21/40) had a history of prematurity, and 40% (16/40) had secondary airway diagnoses. Twenty-four patients underwent an endoscopic intervention initially (including laser or dilation, with or without topical mitomycin treatment), including four patients Panobinostat who underwent tracheostomy prior to the first endoscopic intervention. Sixteen underwent laryngotracheoplasty initially, including ten patients who underwent tracheostomy prior to the laryngotracheoplasty. Endoscopic treatment resulted in resolution of symptoms,

and/or decannulation, and no further need for an open procedure in 58% of patients. Of the 24 patients undergoing endoscopic interventions initially, 14 patients underwent two or more endoscopic interventions, and 10 patients subsequently required tracheostomy or laryngotracheoplasty. When endoscopic procedures were used as an adjunct to laryngotracheoplasty, 60% (12/20) had resolution of symptoms, underwent decannulation, and did not require tracheostomy or revision laryngotracheoplasty.

Conclusions: The endoscopic approach can be successful in the management of properly selected patients with subglottic stenosis, either as the initial treatment modality or as an adjunctive treatment in cases of re-stenosis after open airway surgery. The likelihood of success with a minimally invasive procedure as the primary treatment decreases with worsening initial grade of subglottic stenosis. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.