A bionumber code was obtained from the data using the apiweb™ software. DNA extraction,
amplification, sequencing and analysis 50 ml of each yeast culture (A600nm = 0.6 to 0.8) was centrifuged at 7,000 x g for 10 min, the pellet was suspended in 5 ml of TE buffer and 300 μl aliquots of the cellular suspension were mixed with 250 μl of 0.5 mm diameter glass beads, vortexed for 10 min and centrifuged at 12,000 x g for 5 min. The DNA was obtained from 300 μl of the supernatant using the Wizard Genomic DNA Purification kit (Promega, Madison, USA) as specified by the manufacturer. The concentration and integrity of the DNA samples were analyzed by electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gels. The D1/D2 and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions of rDNA were PXD101 concentration amplified with the primers pairs F63/LR3 [45] and ITS1/ITS4 [46], respectively, using Taq polymerase (Fermentas
International INC.) in thermal cyclers (Applied Biosystems). The resulting amplicons were separated by electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gels immersed in TAE buffer containing ethidium bromide (0.5 μg/ml) and were purified from the gels as described in Boyle and Lew [47]. Most of the nucleotide sequences were determined using the sequencing service of Macrogen INC. In some cases, the DNA Sequencing Kit Dynamic Termination Cycle (Amersham Biosciences Limited) and a Genetic analyzer 3100 Avant automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystem) were used. The sequences were analyzed SHP099 chemical structure using the Geneious Pro 5.4.5 software (Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand). Extracellular enzyme activity assays All assays were performed on solid YM medium supplemented with 2% glucose (unless otherwise specified) and the appropriate substrate for enzyme activity. The plates were incubated at the optimal growth temperature of the individual yeast isolate, and the enzyme activities determined as described below. Amylolytic activity. The cells were grown in medium containing 0.2% soluble starch. The plates were
flooded with 1 ml of iodine solution, and positive activity was defined as a clear halo around the colony on a purple background [48]. Cellulase activity. The cells were grown in medium supplemented Histamine H2 receptor with 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose [49]. The plates were flooded with 1 mg/ml of Congo red solution, which was poured off after 15 min. The plates were then flooded with 1 M NaCl for 15 min. Positive cellulase activity was defined as a clear halo around the colony on a red background [50]. Chitinase activity. The cells were grown in medium containing 2.5% purified chitin. Chitinase activity was indicated directly by the presence of a clear halo around the colony [48]. Lipase activity. The cells were grown in medium containing 1% tributyrin. Lipase activity was indicated by a clear halo around the colony [51]. Protease activity. The cells were grown in medium supplemented with 2% casein at pH 6.5.