Results-All dogs were paraplegic and had Selleckchem MEK inhibitor signs of lower motor neuron lesions. As revealed by MRI of the vertebral column, the length of abnormal signal intensity was more than 6-fold, compared with the body length of L2. In some dogs, these abnormal MRI findings were observed before PM was clinically diagnosed.

The CSF examination revealed hemorrhagic xanthochromia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-A hyperintense region of the spinal cord > 6 times the length of L2 on T2-weighted imaging might be a characteristic MRI finding of PM. In some dogs, such MRI findings were observed before PM was clinically diagnosed. Progressive myelomalacia may thus be diagnosable at the early stage through MRI and CSF examination before signs of PM develop. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;237:1160-1165)”
“Medical gases are pharmaceutical gaseous molecules which offer solutions. to medical needs and include traditional gases, such as oxygen and nitrous oxide, as well as gases with recently discovered roles as biological messenger molecules, OICR-9429 Epigenetics inhibitor such as carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulphide. Medical gas therapy is a relatively unexplored field of medicine; however, a recent increasing in the number of publications on medical gas therapies clearly indicate that there are significant opportunities for use of gases as therapeutic tools for a variety of disease conditions. In this article, we review the recent advances in research

on medical gases with antioxidant

properties and discuss their clinical applications and therapeutic properties.”
“Background: Children with migraine seem to be more anxious, sensitive, deliberate, cautious, fearful, vulnerable to frustration, tidy, and less physically enduring than comparisons. To the best our knowledge no studies about the temperamental and the characterial dimension aspects in childhood migraine was conducted. Therefore, the aim of the SBI-0206965 inhibitor present study was to describe the temperamental and character aspects in a sample of children affected by migraine without aura (MoA) and their relationship with clinical aspects of MoA such as frequency, duration, and severity of attacks.

Materials and methods: In our study, 486 children affected by MoA (239 male, 247 female) aged 7-12 years, (mean 10.04 +/- 2.53 years) and 518 typical developing children comparable for age (P = 0.227) and sex (P = 0.892) were enrolled to assess their temperamental characteristics. The mothers of all subjects filled out the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory: Parent Version.

Results: Children affected by migraine show a higher prevalence of harm avoidance and persistence temperamental domains (P < 0.001) and significantly lower prevalence of the self-directedness character trait (P = 0.023) with respect to the comparisons, according to Cloninger’s model. The Spearman rank correlation analysis shows a significant relationship between migraine characteristics and temperamental domains.

Discussions highlighted considerable confusion around LLIN care and washing which may be impacting on their effectiveness and reducing their acceptability in Solomon Islands.

Conclusion: Providing LLINs that are acceptable will be more important for improving compliance in areas of low or seasonal mosquito nuisance and malaria transmission. The implications of these JQ1 ic50 findings on malaria elimination in Solomon Islands are discussed.”
“To improve interactions

between fibrous cellulose (FC) and polypropylene (PP), oxidatively degraded polypropylene (DgPP) and maleated polypropylene (MAPP) were studied as compatibilizers. Both compatibilizers had the same mechanism, using esterification between the OH group in FC and the reactive (gamma-lactone, acid, and maleic

anhydride) groups in the compatibilizers. acid, However, the adhesion style with the ester bond was considerably different because of the arrangements of the reactive groups. DgPP had reactive groups at the polymer chain end, and the tensile behavior of the FC/PP/DgPP composite exhibited comparatively ductile behavior. However, MAPP had inner reactive groups, and the tensile behavior of the FC/PP/MAPP composite was quite brittle. Observation of these fracture surfaces suggested that the adhesion performance EPZ-6438 molecular weight of the interface between FC and PP was strongly influenced by the arrangements of the reactive:e group. In addition, the performance was, influenced by the molecular weight of DgPP and by the content of maleic anhydride groups in MAPP. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 1835-1841, 2009″
“Atmospheric concentrations of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons SB203580 molecular weight (PAHs) were measured at five sites for almost two decades near the North American Great Lakes, as part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN), and at three remote sites around Europe, as part of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). The primary objectives were to reveal the spatial distributions, long-term temporal trends, and seasonal variations of atmospheric PAH concentrations and

to investigate potential differences between these two regions. Atmospheric PAH concentrations at the urban sites in Chicago and Cleveland near Great Lakes were about 20 times (depending on PAH congener and sampling site) greater than those at the rural sites except for Kosetice in the Czech Republic. Atmospheric PAH concentrations at Kosetice, also a rural site, were about one-third of those at Chicago and Cleveland, but 10 times higher than those at other rural sites (Sturgeon Point, Sleeping Bear Dunes, Eagle Harbor, Aspvreten, and Spitsbergen). Significant long-term decreasing trends of all these PAH atmospheric concentrations were observed at Chicago and Cleveland. For the other sites, either less significant or no long-term decreasing trends were observed.

METHODS: This was a planned final analysis of women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) stage 2-4 prolapse randomized Selleckchem Belinostat to traditional vaginal prolapse surgery without mesh and vaginal colpopexy repair with mesh. We evaluated anatomic, symptomatic, and combined cure rates for those with at least 3-year validated quality-of-life questionnaires and 2- or 3-year postoperative blinded POP-Q examination. Participants undergoing reoperation for recurrent prolapse were removed for anatomic and subjective outcomes analysis and considered

failures for combined outcomes analysis.

RESULTS: Sixty-five women were enrolled (33 mesh, 32 no mesh) before the study was prematurely halted as a result of a 15.6% mesh exposure rate. At 3 years, 51 of 65 (78%) had quality-of-life questionnaires (25 mesh, 26 no mesh) and 41 (63%) had examinations. Three participants died, three required reoperation for recurrent prolapse (all in mesh group), and eight were lost to followup. No differences were

observed between groups at 3 years for prolapse stage or individual prolapse points. Stage improved for each group (90% and 86%) from baseline to 3 years (P<.01). Symptomatic improvement was observed with no differences in scores between groups. Cure rates did not differ between groups using a variety of definitions, and anatomic cure was lowest for the anterior compartment.

CONCLUSION: There PS-095760 was no difference in 3-year cure rates when comparing patients undergoing traditional vaginal prolapse surgery without mesh with those undergoing vaginal colpopexy repair with mesh.”
“Background: Although hyperphosphatemia is one of the few established risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis, the relationship between peritoneal dialysis (PD) prescription and dialytic

phosphate removal is largely unexplored.

Methods and Patients: We analyzed 24-hour clearances (n = 60) together with peritoneal equilibration tests (PETs) (n = 52) performed in children and adolescents (n = 35) on automated PD.

Results: CA3 Dialytic phosphate clearance was more closely correlated with 2-hour and 4-hour dialysate-to-plasma ratio (D/P) of phosphate in the PETs (r = 0.44 and r = 0.52, both p < 0.0001) than with 2-hour and 4-hour D/P creatinine (r = 0.26 and r = 0.27, both p < 0.05). Dialytic 24-hour phosphate clearance was independently predicted by total fluid turnover (partial R(2) = 0.48, p < 0.001), the number of cycles (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), 2-hour D/P phosphate (partial R(2) = 0.07, p = 0.001), dwell time (partial R(2) = 0.05, p = 0.01), and achieved ultrafiltration (partial R(2) = 0.05, p = 0.005). 4-hour D/P phosphate and 24-hour phosphate clearance were significantly lower in hyperphosphatemic children (3.38 +/- 1.17 vs 4.56 +/- 1.99 L/1.73 m(2)/day, p < 0.05), whereas creatinine equilibration and clearance rates were not distinctive.

Cell walls impose a significant resistance. Assuming an effective porosity of the cell wall

of 0.1 or 0.05, then cell walls could account for 25% or 50% of the total mesophyll resistance, respectively. Since the fraction of apoplastic water that is unbound and available for unhindered CO2 diffusion is unknown, it is possible CBL0137 that the effective porosity is < 0.05. Effective porosity could also vary in response to changes in pH or cation concentration. Consequently, cell walls could account for > 50% of the total resistance and a variable proportion. Most of the remaining resistance is imposed by one or more of the three membranes as mesophyll resistance can be altered by varying the expression of cooporins. The CO2 permeability of vesicles prepared from chloroplast envelopes has been reduced by RNA interference (RNAi) expression of NtAQP1, but not those prepared from the plasma membrane. Carbonic anhydrase activity also influences mesophyll resistance. Mesophyll resistance is relatively insensitive to the manipulation of any step in the pathway because it represents only part of the total and may also be countered by pleiotropic

compensatory changes. The parameters in greatest need of check details additional measurements are S-c, mesophyll cell wall thickness, and the permeabilities of the plasma membrane and chloroplast envelope.”
“BACKGROUND: Intracellular Ca(2+) handling is abnormal in human heart failure. Studies have demonstrated that left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support reverses phenotypic alterations, suggesting that, in select patients, LVAD support may be a bridge to recovery. Few studies have related support duration to phenotypic recovery. We hypothesized that reversal of impaired sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) cycling following LVAD implantation is duration-dependent.

METHODS: We used post-rest potentiation to assess SR function, and Western

blot analysis to measure Ca(2+)-cycling Luminespib proteins. Left ventricular tissue from 10 non-failing hearts, 8 failing hearts and 10 LVAD-supported hearts was analyzed. Support ranged from 7 to 334 days. The median duration, 115 days, divided patients into short- and long-term support groups.

RESULTS: Post-rest potentiation (PRP) response recovered after short-term LVAD support to a level (116.8 +/- 12.1%; n = 5) close to non-failing (123.4 +/- 12.0%; n = 10) hearts, but recovery after long-term support (23.5 +/- 7.0%; n = 5) remained closer to that of failing hearts (13.5 +/- 5.6%). We found a similar pattern of normalization for SR Ca(2+)-ATPase protein and the phospholamban/SR Ca(2+)-ATPase ratio (non-failing: 0.66 +/- 0.11; failing: 1.21 +/- 0.23; short-duration LVAD: 0.68 +/- 0.14; long-duration LVAD: 1.67 +/- 0.30; correlation p < 0.001; r = 0.93). The ratio also tended to correlate with the PRP response after unloading (p = 0.05; r = -0.65).

Furthermore, hierarchical clustering and principal component Selleckchem GW4869 analysis demonstrated that changed metabolites in OGTT naturally grouped according to the activities of the System A and L amino acid transporters, the osmolyte carrier SLC6A12, and the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter SLC25A13. Comparison between NGT and IGT groups supported blunted glucose- and/or insulin-stimulated

activities in the IGT group. Using unbiased pathway models, we offer evidence supporting the important role of solute carriers in the physiologic response to glucose challenge and conclude that carrier activities are reflected in individual metabolite profiles of perturbation experiments. Given the involvement of transporters in human disease, metabolite profiling may contribute to improved disease classification via the interrogation of specific transporter activities.”
“Background and aim: Glycemic index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) are parameters of carbohydrate bioavailability able to influence risk of chronic diseases. GL can be lowered either by reducing carbohydrate intake or by reducing the GI of the carbohydrate moiety of a mixed meal. These 4SC-202 cell line two approaches might have a different impact on Dietary-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) and preferential substrate oxidation in the postprandial period, which are variables known to

be involved in the regulation of body weight and body composition. This dietary, crossover intervention trial was designed to evaluate the effect on DIT and Respiratory Quotient (RQ) of three isocaloric breakfasts different in GI and/or GL (high GI and high GL [HGI-HGL] vs. low GI and low GL [LGI-LGL]; vs. high GI and low GL [HGI-LGL]) followed by a standard meal.

Methods and results: RQ and DIT were measured in 16 lean young males by indirect

calorimetry for 8 h. DIT resulted significantly higher after the LGI-LGL compared to the HGI-HGL breakfast (p < 0.05). Postprandial changes in RQ differed among all breakfasts (p < 0.001). RQ selleck increased from baseline after the two breakfasts with highest carbohydrate content and significantly more after the HGI-HGL than after the LGI-LGL (p < 0.02), whereas it decreased after the HGI-LGL breakfast, which contained a higher amount of fat.

Conclusions: Reducing the GL of a meal by reducing GI seems an effective strategy to increase energy expenditure while maintaining a good rate of lipid oxidation. This might be related to different profiles of postprandial hormones affecting substrate oxidation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can be a valuable treatment for heart failure. However, there are high nonresponse rates using current CRT inclusion criteria.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in predicting response to CRT.

positively for p53, TUNEL and heparanase was 100% vs. 49% while at 18 years this probability dropped to 67% vs. 0%,

respectively (p = 0.023). Significant correlation rates were found between age and poor survival, age and p53, and GW4869 p53 and other co-existing malignancies. These findings support mutated p53 as a prognostic predictor and a pivotal player in salivary carcinogenesis. Significantly more extensive therapy applied to salivary p53-positive patients did not improve mortality rate, questioning the justification for such extensive therapy and emphasizing the need to understand p53, TUNEL and heparanase biological pathways and develop additional therapeutic tools for fighting salivary cancer.”
“Poly(vinyl alcohol) was modified by UV radiation with dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA)

monomer to get poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVADMAEMA) membrane. The PVADMAEMA membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The tensile strength and elongation of PVADMAEMA membranes were measured by Universal Testing Machine. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) selleck kinase inhibitor showed that (1) the crystalline area in PVADMAEMA decreased with increasing the content of poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) in the membrane. (2) Only one glass transition temperature (Tg) was found for the various PVADMAEMA membranes. It means that poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) and PVA are compatible in PVADMAEMA membrane. (3)The Tg of the membrane is reduced with increasing the content of poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) in the membrane. The water content on the PVADMAEMA membranes was determined. It was found that the water content on the PVADMAEMA membrane increased with increasing the content of poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate). The changes of properties enhanced the permeability of 5-Fluorouracil

(5-Fu) through the PVADMAEMA membranes. A linear relationship between the permeability and the weight percent of poly(dimethyl PR-171 nmr amino ethyl methacrylate) in the PVADMAEMA membrane is found. It is expressed as P (cm/s) = (9.6 +/- 0.4) x 10-5 + (8.8 +/- 0.6) x 10-5 Wx, where P is the permeability of 5-Fu through the membrane and Wx is the weight percent of poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) in the PVADMAEMA membrane. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Beh double dagger et’s disease (BD) is a chronic relapsing vasculitis with multifunctional pathogenesis. The mucocutaneous and ocular lesions are the commonest manifestations, but BD also affects the musculoskeletal, intestinal, cardiac, and central nervous system.

CASES: Two women were diagnosed with postoperative abscess and intra-abdominal oxidized regenerated cellulose was identified as an abscess or as part

of an abscess on computed tomography imaging. Both women recovered after treatment with antibiotics with and without drainage.

CONCLUSION: Oxidized regenerated cellulose may be mistaken for an abscess or as part of an abscess on imaging studies. It is important to reveal information about oxidized regenerated cellulose use to the imaging department.”
“BACKGROUND: The use of dyes during cystoscopy to visualize the ureters PD173074 inhibitor adequately is prevalent in gynecologic surgery. Observing ureteral patency after procedures such as a hysterectomy or pelvic reconstruction is important for identifying injury to the upper urinary tract. Indigo carmine is commonly used. Knowing the GSK2399872A mw possible adverse effects and being aware of unusual presentations with the use of indigo carmine are important in managing and counseling patients.

CASE: We present a case in which a patient developed indigo carmine extravasation to her upper limb after pelvic reconstructive surgery. The blue discoloration disappeared after 1 day.

CONCLUSION: Indigo carmine extravasation to other parts of the body can occur without long-term complications. It takes 24-48 hours for the dye to clear subcutaneously.”
“A

recent study found a significant correlation between endometriosis and non-obstructive forms BAY 73-4506 inhibitor of Mullerian anomalies. Other studies described an increased miscarriage rate in patients with endometriosis. This study assessed the effect of endometriosis on pregnancy outcome in a group of patients with endometriosis and septate uterus. Spontaneously achieved pregnancies were taken into consideration. The outcome of 179 infertile women who underwent surgery for septate uterus was analysed in a retrospective study. Stage I or II endometriosis was found by laparoscopy

in 36 patients. The pregnancy outcomes, before and after metroplasty, of the group of 36 patients with septum and endometriosis were compared with the pregnancy outcomes of 143 patients with septate uterus with no endometriosis. Before metroplasty the incidence of pregnancy loss was 67% in patients without endometriosis and 75% in patients with endometriosis and the difference was not significant. After metroplasty, no significant differences have been found between the two groups, suggesting that endometriosis could be an occasional finding not influencing pregnancy outcome. (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: The consequences of intra-amniotic Candida infection can be devastating. Currently, standard management includes delivery.

Findings highlight the need for context sensitive malaria control

policies; not only to reduce the local malaria burden but also to minimize the risk of AZD8931 malaria spreading to other areas where transmission has virtually ceased.”
“Prior single-center studies have reported that pancreas allograft survival is not affected by preservation in histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) versus University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. To expand on these studies, we analyzed the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database of pancreas transplants from July 2004, through February 2008, to determine if preservation with HTK (N = 1081) versus UW (N = 3311) impacted graft survival. HTK preservation of pancreas allografts increased significantly in this time frame, from 15.4% in 2004 to 25.4% in 2008. After adjusting for other recipient, donor, graft and transplant center factors that impact graft survival, HTK preservation

was independently associated with an increased risk of pancreas graft loss (hazard ratio [HR] 1.30, p = 0.014), especially in pancreas allografts with cold ischemia time (CIT) >= MK-0518 12 h (HR 1.42, p = 0.017). This reduced survival with HTK preservation as compared to UW preservation was seen in both simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplants and pancreas alone (PA) transplants. Furthermore, HTK preservation was also associated with a 1.54-fold higher odds of early (< 30 days) pancreas graft loss as compared to UW (OR 1.54, p = 0.008). These results suggest that the

increasing use of HTK for abdominal organ preservation should be re-examined.”
“Background: Survival analysis of a large series of patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) has not been performed in Japan. Revision to the staging system for MF and SS was recently published.

Objective: To determine the long-term prognosis of Japanese patients with MF and SS, to identify factors predictive HM781-36B molecular weight of survival, and to evaluate the prognostic significance of the revised staging system.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 100 Japanese patients with MF and SS managed at the dermatology division of Niigata University Hospital between April 1, 1982 and March 31, 2006. We estimated survival according to the patient’s clinical characteristics including the stages, and assessed their prognostic significance.

Results: Survival rates of Japanese patients with MF and SS were similar to those shown in previous studies conducted in the United States and Europe. Prognosis of patients with skin tumor (stage IIB) and extracutaneous involvement (stage IV) was significantly worse than that of those with early-stage disease (stages IA-IIA), but erythrodermic MF patients without blood involvement (stage IIIA) showed excellent survival.

BD is very rare in children, but when it does occur, the patterns

are reversed: most children with NBD present with CVST. Other syndromes such as spinal cord involvement, arterial CNS involvement, optic neuritis, aseptic meningitis, and peripheral neuropathies may be seen, but are rare. Venous sinus thrombosis in BD has a significantly better neurologic prognosis than parenchymal CNS involvement. There is no Class I evidence regarding treatment of parenchymal CNS involvement or CVST in BD. Current treatment applications are based largely on expert opinion; none are evidence-based. Acute parenchymal CNS involvement should be treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP), 1 g per day, for 5 to 10 days, followed by either a prolonged oral taper or intermittent IVMP pulses with a GDC-0068 cell line low oral dose between the pulses, over 6 months. After

treatment Y 27632 of the acute attack, long-term maintenance with immunosuppressive agents should be considered in patients with parenchymal CNS involvement, as this form may follow a relapsing or secondary progressive course and may result in significant physical and cognitive deficits leading to severe neurologic disability. A number of randomized controlled studies have tested treatments for systemic manifestations of BD. Colchicine was found to be effective for mucocutaneous symptoms, thalidomide was found to be effective in erythema nodosum-like skin lesions, azathioprine and cyclosporine were shown to be effective in BD uveitis, and cyclophosphamide was shown to be effective for major vascular involvement. More recently, interferon alfa and anti-TNF agents were also shown to be effective in BD uveitis. Although randomized controlled studies have not been performed in NBD, the most widely used long-term therapeutic agent is azathioprine. see more Recent observations suggest that the addition and long-term use of azathioprine in NBD could be associated with a more favorable course. A growing number of case reports in recent years suggest that anti-TNF agents may be an

effective alternative in NBD, but current experience with these agents is limited. CVST in BD is also treated with steroids. The addition to glucocorticoids of anticoagulation, including short-term fractionated heparin, is controversial, as these patients have a higher probability of harboring pulmonary or other aneurysms, which may be associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Long-term oral anticoagulation is unnecessary. Interestingly, the prognosis of CVST due to BD seems to be much more favorable than the prognosis of CVST due to other causes, with much less tendency for venous infarcts and seizures. However, as recurrences may occur, long-term treatment with azathioprine is recommended.”
“Purpose: To correlate the effect of red blood cell hemoglobin on signal generation during magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and local oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

To illustrate the ideas, the authors show how directed acyclic graphs can be extended by integrating response types buy Blebbistatin and observed variables.

Results: This study shows a hitherto unrecognized sufficient condition to estimate effect measures in observational studies by adjusting for confounding bias. The present findings would provide a further understanding of the assumption of conditional exchangeability, clarifying the link between the assumptions for making causal inferences in observational studies and the counterfactual approach. The extension of directed acyclic graphs using response types maintains the integrity of the original directed acyclic graphs, which allows one

to understand the underlying causal structure discussed in this study.

Conclusions: The present findings highlight that analytic adjustment for confounders in observational studies has consequences quite different from those of physical control in randomized controlled trials. In particular, the present findings would be find more of great use when demonstrating the inherent distinctions between observational studies and randomized controlled trials.”
“The separation of particles from a heterogeneous mixture is critical in chemical and biological analyses. Many methods have been developed to separate particles in microfluidic devices. However, the majority of these separations have been limited to be size based and binary. We demonstrate herein a continuous

dc electric field driven separation of carboxyl-coated and noncoated 10 mu m polystyrene beads by charge in a double-spiral microchannel. This method exploits the inherent electric field gradients formed within the channel turns to manipulate particles by dielectrophoresis and is thus termed curvature-induced dielectrophoresis. The spiral microchannel is also demonstrated to continuously sort noncoated 5 mu m beads, noncoated 10 mu m beads, and carboxyl-coated 10 mu m beads into different collecting wells by charge and size simultaneously.

The observed particle separation processes in different situations are all predicted with reasonable SB273005 agreements by a numerical model. This curvature-induced dielectrophoresis technique eliminates the in-channel microelectrodes and obstacles that are required in traditional electrode-and insulator-based dielectrophoresis devices. It may potentially be used to separate multiple particle targets by intrinsic properties for lab-on-a-chip applications. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3599883]“
“In order to find out the effect of low level of starch acetylation on physicochemical properties of potato starch, amylose content, digestibility of raw and gelatinized starch, thermal properties, pasting properties, and the swelling power of native and acetylated potato starches were measured. The amylose content was significantly lower in acetylated starch than in their counterpart native starches.