Further, basal phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt (Ser-473)/total Akt) and GSK-3p (GSK-30 (Ser-9)/total GSK-3 beta) are reduced 60-70% in primary myotubes from eNOS(-/-) mice. Treatment with the calcium ionophore, A23187 (0.4 mu M, 1 h), increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-30 by similar to 2-fold (P<0.05) in myotubes from WT mice, but had no effect on phosphorylation of these proteins in eNOS(-/-)

myotubes. Additionally, A23187 treatment failed to induce nuclear translocation of the transcription factor, NFATc1, in eNOS(-/-) myotubes. Treatment with the nitric oxide donor, propylamine propylamine NONOate (PAPA-NO; 1 mu M for 1 h) increased Akt and GSK-30 phosphorylation, and induced NFATc1 nuclear translocation in WT and eNOS(-/-) myotubes, Mocetinostat purchase and eliminated differences from WT in the NOS knockout cultures. Parallel experiments in C2C12 myotubes found that Akt phosphorylation induced by NO or the guanylate cyclase activator, YC-1, is prevented by co-treatment with either a guanylate cyclase or PI3K inhibitor (10 mu M ODQ or 25 mu M LY2904002, respectively). XL184 manufacturer These data suggest

that eNOS activity is necessary for calcium-induced activation of the Akt pathway, and that nitric oxide is sufficient to elevate Akt activity in primary myotubes. NO appears to influence Akt signaling through a cGMP, PI3K-dependent pathway. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights ABT-737 molecular weight reserved.”
“Purpose: We report on the first randomized trial to our knowledge comparing holmium laser ablation and photoselective vaporization of the prostate in patients with a small to moderate size prostate.

Materials and Methods: Between March 2005 and April 2007, 109 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate size 60 cc or smaller were randomized to photoselective vaporization of the prostate (52) or holmium laser ablation of the prostate (57). All patients were evaluated by preoperative and postoperative

International Prostate Symptom Score, peak flow rate and post-void residual urine volume, measurement of prostate specific antigen and transrectal ultrasound prostate volume. Followup evaluations were performed during visits at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months.

Results: Mean +/- SD preoperative prostate volume was 33.1 +/- 14.5 and 37.3 +/- 13.6 cc in the holmium laser ablation group and the photoselective vaporization group, respectively. Holmium laser ablation of the prostate required more operating time than photoselective vaporization (69.8 vs 55.5 minutes, p = 0.008). In the holmium laser ablation group the International Prostate Symptom Score improved from 20 +/- 6.8 to 6.2 +/- 3.9 and peak urinary flow rate increased from 6.7 +/- 3.9 to 17.2 +/- 8 ml per second. In the photoselective vaporization group the International Prostate Symptom Score improved from 18.4 +/- 6.6 to 8.2 +/- 6.

Immunofluorescence staining revealed not only the decline of these tight junction proteins but also their redistribution and dissociation in COM-treated cells. Additionally, selleck chemicals transepithelial resistance was significantly decreased, indicating impaired tight junction barrier and increased paracellular permeability in COM-treated cells. Subcellular fractionation followed by western blot analysis of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase-alpha 1 revealed

that this basolateral membrane marker was also detectable in apical membrane fraction of COM-treated cells, but not in apical membrane fraction of control cells. Immunofluorescence study confirmed the translocation of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase-alpha 1 (from basolateral to apical membranes) in COM-treated cells, indicating impaired fence function of the tight junction. Moreover, dihydrorhodamine assay using flow cytometry check details revealed the significantly higher level of hydrogen peroxide in the COM-treated cells. These data provide the first evidence to demonstrate decreased expression and defective barrier and fence functions of the tight junction of renal tubular

epithelial cells exposed to COM crystals that may be fundamental for subsequent renal tubulointerstitial injury, which in turn enhances the stone pathogenesis. Laboratory Investigation (2011) 91, 97-105; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2010.167; published online 20 September 2010″
“Synthetic soluble A beta oligomers are often used as a surrogate for biologic material in a number of model systems. We compared the activity of A beta oligomers (synthetic and cell culture media derived) on the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and C2C12 mouse myoblast cell lines in a novel, modified MTT assay. Separating oligomers from monomeric peptide by size exclusion chromatography produced effects at peptide concentrations approaching physiologic levels (10-100 nM). Purified oligomers, but not monomers or fibrils,

elicited an increase of a detergent-insoluble form of MTT formazan within 2 h as opposed to a control toxin (H(2)O(2)). This effect was Luminespib nmr comparable for biological and synthetic peptide in both cell types. Monomeric A beta attenuated the effect of soluble oligomers. This study suggests that the activities of biological and synthetic oligomers are indistinguishable during early stages of A beta oligomer-cell interaction. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 1 (nAChR alpha 1) was investigated as a potential proinflammatory molecule in the kidney, given a recent report that it is an alternative urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor, in addition to the classical receptor uPAR.

In rats exposed to the forced swim test, CRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was enhanced by chronic 3 beta-diol administration, while the AVP mRNA expression was not affected. These results suggest that 3 beta-diol may play an anti-depressive role in affective behavior and may have a direct effect on CRH expression.

(c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Earlier studies have shown that in herpes simplex virus 1-infected cells, ICP22 upregulates the accumulation of a subset of gamma(2) proteins exemplified by the products of the U(L)38, U(L)41, and U(s)11 genes. The ICP22-dependent process involves degradation of cyclins A and B1, the stabilization and activation of selleckchem cdc2, physical interaction of activated cdc2 with the U(L)42 DNA synthesis processivity factor, and recruitment and phosphorylation of topoisomerase Hot by the cdc2/U(L)42 complex. Activation of cdc2, the first step in the process, is a key function of the mitotic phosphatase cdc25C. To define the role of cdc25C, we probed some features of the ICP22-dependent pathway of upregulation of gamma(2) genes in cdc25C(-/-) Bindarit cell line cells and in cdc25C(-/-) cells derived from sibling mice. We report that cyclin B1 turned over in cdc25C(+/+) or cdc25C(-/-) cells at the same rate, that cdc2 increased in amount, and that U(s)11 and U(L)38 proteins and infectious

virus accumulated in smaller amounts than in wild-type infected cells. The reduction in U(L)38 protein accumulation and virus was greater in cdc25C(-/-) cells infected with virus lacking ICP22 than in cells infected with wild-type virus. We conclude that cdc25C phosphatase plays a role in viral replication and that this role extends beyond its function of activating cdc2 for initiation of

the ICP22-dependent cascade for upregulation of gamma(2) gene expression.”
“alpha-Synuclein is a presynaptic protein selleck screening library proposed to serve as a negative regulator of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Recent research has implicated alpha-synuclein in chronic neuroadaptations produced by psychostimulant and opiate use, as well as in genetically determined susceptibility to alcoholism in humans. The aim of our study was to characterize the changes in alpha-synuclein expression after short-term abstinence from chronic alcohol drinking in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were allowed to drink increasing concentrations of alcohol in the two-bottle choice procedure. Then the mice were given constant access to an 8% alcohol solution and water for 32 days, and were sacrificed 2 h, 24 h or 48 h after alcohol withdrawal. RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and Western blotting techniques were used to measure alpha-synuclein mRNA and protein levels in the brain and blood. alpha-Synuclein protein levels were elevated by up to 80% in the amygdala of mice withdrawn from alcohol for 24 h or 48 h. No changes in alpha-synuclein levels were found in the mesencephalor, or striatum/accumbens.

g.) for 14 days with either water or alcohol. In the following 5 days rats were injected (s.c.) with vehicle, nicotine, or WIN 55,212-2. Finally, a cannula was surgically implanted into the NAc shell and alcohol-induced extracellular

dopamine release was monitored in freely moving rats. Alcohol (1 g/kg; i.g.) only increased the release of dopamine when animals were previously treated with water. This DA increase was markedly inhibited by (subchronic) treatment (5 days) with nicotine or WIN 55-212-2 Evofosfamide solubility dmso as well as by previous (chronic) exposure to alcohol (14 days). These data demonstrate that pre-treatment with nicotine and the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 is able to change the sensitivity of the NAc shell in response to a moderate dose of alcohol. Therefore, cannabinoid and nicotine

exposure may have important implications on the rewarding effects of alcohol, because these drugs lead to long-lasting changes in accumbal dopamine transmission. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland PLX4032 Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of the present study was to investigate whether direct activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in the spinal cord could change brain activation using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis in mice that lack the PKC gamma gene. The activation of spinal PKC by intrathecal (i.t.) injection with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), a specific PKC activator, caused a time-dependent decrease in paw-withdrawal latency to the heat thermal stimulus. In contrast, i.t. injection of PDBu failed to cause thermal hyperalgesia in mice which lacked the PKC gamma gene. We found that the i.t. injection with PDBu R406 caused a remarkable increase in the activity of several brain regions in wild-type mice compared with vehicle injection. In the somatosensory cortex and lateral and medial thalamus, i.t. injection of PDBu produced a dramatic and time-dependent increase in signal intensity at 1-6 h after i.t. PDBu injection. In contrast, i.t. injection of PDBu produced a delayed but significant increase in signal intensity at 3-6 h in the cingulate cortex, at 4-6 h in the nucleus accumbens

and at 3-6 h in the ventral tegmental area. In addition, all effects of PDBu were abolished in mice that lacked the PKC gamma gene. These results suggest that the activation of spinal PKC gamma associated with the activation of ascending pain transmission may be an important factor in chronic pain-like hyperalgesia with changes in emotionality. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The heat shock response is a genetically well-ordered process for cell to generate heat shock protein (HSP). Various stressors can trigger the response through heat shock transcriptional factor (HSF) regulation. Recent studies demonstrated that preconditioning of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) at non-lethal levels has neuroprotective effects, but the exact mechanisms are unclear.

Moreover, we provide evidence for the first time that such functions are dependent on dissociable brain regions within the prefrontal cortex. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have provided evidence suggesting that the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) plays a crucial role in the awareness of motor intentions. For instance, patients with IPL lesions caused by stroke selectively differ in the temporal

judgements of their intentions to move compared with healthy controls [Sirigu, A., Daprati, E., Ciancia, S., Giraux, P., Nighoghossian, N., Posada, A., et al. (2004). Altered Ispinesib awareness of voluntary action after damage to the parietal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 7(1), 80-84]: they experience the will to move only at the moment they start moving, and not before, as it should normally be the case. In the study presented here, we failed to replicate the main behavioral findings of the study quoted https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ITF2357(Givinostat).html above in three patients with surgical resection of the right IPL following slow-growing lesions. Their performances contrasted with that of stroke patients. The timing of their intentions to act but also the delay between their judgements of intention and movement onsets were in the normal range of values for matched controls, when tested with the temporal judgement

task developed by Benjamin Libet. There are in the literature some reported cases of functional neuroplasticity following surgical resection of large amount of cerebral tissue. This mainly concerns the brain regions underpinning language and primary sensorimotor functions. Because of the small number of patients our data must be regarded cautiously. They provide preliminary behavioral support to extend to conscious

awareness of willing the functional neuroplasticity potentialities of the brain, in Salubrinal supplier human adults. A new perspective towards a hodological view for higher-order cognitive processes seems open. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Four rapid immunochromatographic assays – Determiner (TM) HBsAg, Virucheck (R) HBsAg, Cypress HBsAg Dipstick (R) and Hexagon (R) HBsAg – for human hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) detection in human serum were evaluated. A collection of reference serum samples (91 HBsAg positive and 109 HBsAg negative) stored at -80 degrees C was used. Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) exceeded 95%, and specificity and negative predictive value (NBV) exceeded 96% for all tests. The Determine (TM) HBsAg test performed best in this study, with a sensitivity of 97.8%, a specificity and PPV of 100%,a NPV of 98.2% and an accuracy rate of 99.0%. However, the differences between the tests were not significant.

However, transureteral lithotripsy has a higher efficacy rate when performed meticulously by experienced hands using appropriate instruments.”
“alpha-Gustducin

(G(alpha)-gust) is the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein complex specific for taste receptor cells of the tongue. However, it has been shown to be present in ectopic regions, such as airways and digestive tract. Recently, Selisistat supplier G(alpha)-gust was found within neurons in various regions of the mouse brain. In this study, we tested whether G(alpha)-gust is expressed in the mammalian retina. G(alpha)-gust was identified in mouse, rat, and rabbit retinas by western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. Double-labeling experiments in the mouse retina clearly showed that BAY 11-7082 price G(alpha)-gust is exclusively expressed in the axon terminals of the rod bipolar cells. The evidence suggests that G(alpha)-gust may selectively participate in signal transduction in the axon terminals of rod bipolar cells in the mammalian

retina. NeuroReport 22:146-149 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Purpose: The effect of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on the growing kidneys of young children has always been a concern. We determined whether shock wave lithotripsy causes renal parenchymal scarring or affects glomerular filtration rate in children.

Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 100 children with renal stones who presented to the shock wave lithotripsy unit at our institution between March 2005 and March 2008. A total of 28 children had multiple stones in the same AZD5582 datasheet kidney. All children with bilateral renal stones had 1 kidney cleared of stones by percutaneous nephrolithotomy before undergoing shock wave lithotripsy. A total of 138 stones were subjected to shock wave lithotripsy. All children underwent radionuclide scan of the renal parenchyma using dimercapto-succinic acid, and glomerular filtration rate was estimated using diethylenetriamine

pentaacetic acid before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and 6 months afterward. Children with renal scarring due to previous surgery or vesicoureteral reflux were excluded from the study. The number of shock wave lithotripsy sessions to achieve stone-free status and the dose of shock waves used were recorded for each patient.

Results: No patient demonstrated renal parenchymal scarring on dimercaptosuccinic acid scan or any statistically significant change in glomerular filtration rate on diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid scan up to 6 months after shock wave lithotripsy.

Conclusions: Shock wave lithotripsy is a safe modality for treating renal calculus disease in children up to 16 years old, with no impact on long-term kidney function.”
“We analyzed brain MRI data from 372 young adult twins to identify cortical regions in which gray matter thickness and volume are influenced by genetics.

At intervals >20 min, radioactivity levels were constant and double that of healthy muscle. The changes in Ki-67 index were paralleled with those of [C-11]4DST uptake, indicating cell proliferation-dependent uptake of [C-11]4DST in inflammatory tissues.

Conclusion: In our animal model, low but significant levels of Talazoparib [C-11]4DST uptake were observed in subacute

inflammation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Kidneys procured from donors after cardiac death hold great potential to expand the donor pool. However, they have not yet been fully used, in part due to the high incidence of delayed graft function. Although urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a well-known early biomarker for renal injury after kidney transplantation, its usefulness is limited in cases with delayed graft function because of the unavailability of a urine sample. We evaluated serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a potential biomarker to predict the functional recovery of kidneys transplanted from donors after cardiac death.

Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients transplanted with a kidney from a living related (39), brain dead (1) or post-cardiac death (27) donor

were retrospectively enrolled in the study. Serum samples were collected see more serially before and after kidney transplantation. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was measured using the ARCHITECT (R) assay.

Results: Average serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was markedly high during the pre transplantation period. It decreased rapidly after transplantation. The slope of the decrease correlated well with the recovery period. By analyzing PF 2341066 ROC curves we determined cutoffs to predict

immediate, slow or delayed graft function requiring hemodialysis for longer than 1 week with high sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions: These data suggest that serial monitoring of serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin may allow us to predict graft recovery and the need for hemodialysis after kidney transplantation from a donor after cardiac death.”
“This is the first differential expression proteomics study on a human syngeneic cellular in vitro progression model of the colorectal adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence, the anchorage-dependent non-tumorigenic adenoma derived cell line AA/C1 and the derived anchorage-independent and tumorigenic carcinoma cell line AA/C1/SB10C. The study is based on quantitative 2-DE and is complemented by Western blot validation. Excluding redundancies due to proteolysis and post-translational modified isoforms of over 2000 protein spots, 13 proteins were revealed as regulated with statistical variance being within the 95th confidence level and were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting in MALDI MS.

We used alternate approaches of intra-aortic balloon pump insertion Blebbistatin mw to provide temporary and minimally invasive support for patients with decompensating, end-stage heart failure. The present study describes the outcomes with closed-chest, transthoracic intra-aortic balloon

pumps by way of the subclavian artery.

Methods: During a 3-year period, 20 patients underwent subclavian artery-intra-aortic balloon pump in the setting of end-stage heart failure. The balloon was inserted through a polytetrafluoroethylene graft sutured to the right subclavian artery in 19 patients (95%) and to the left subclavian artery in 1 patient (5%). The goal of support was to bridge to transplantation in 17 patients (85%) and bridge to recovery in 3 patients (15%). The primary outcome measure was death during subclavian artery-intra-aortic balloon pump support. The secondary outcomes included survival to the intended endpoint of bridge to transplantation/bridge to recovery, complications during subclavian artery-intra-aortic balloon pump support PF299804 in vivo (eg, stroke, limb ischemia, brachial plexus injury, dissection, bleeding requiring reoperation, and device-related infection), emergent surgery for worsening heart failure, and ambulation during intra-aortic balloon pump support.

Results:

The duration of balloon support ranged from 3 to 48 days (mean, 17.3 +/- 13.1 days). No patients died during subclavian artery-intra-aortic balloon pump support. Of the 20 patients, 14 (70%) were successfully bridged to transplant or left ventricular-assist

device. Two patients (10%) required emergent left ventricular-assist device for worsening heart failure.

Conclusions: An intra-aortic balloon pump inserted through the subclavian artery is a simple, minimally invasive approach to mechanical support and is associated AG-120 in vivo with limited morbidity and facilitates ambulation in patients with end-stage heart failure. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144: 951-5)”
“The subjective measures used to study mood disorders in humans cannot be replicated in animals; however, the increasing application of objective neuropsychological methods provides opportunities to develop translational animal tasks. Here we describe a novel behavioral approach, which has enabled us to investigate similar affective biases in rodents. In our affective bias test (ABT), rats encounter two independent positive experiences-the association between food reward and specific digging substrate-during discrimination learning sessions. These are performed on separate days under either neutral conditions or during a pharmacological or affective state manipulation. Affective bias is then quantified using a preference test where both previously rewarded substrates are presented together and the rat’s choices recorded.

Although our recent report demonstrates the essential involvement of IP3R-1 up-regulation induced by dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptor (D1 and D2R) stimulation in psychological dependence, exact regulatory mechanisms of IP3R-1 expression by D2Rs have not yet been clarified. Mouse cerebral cortical neurons were treated with inhibitor of Ca2+-related signal transduction pathways coupling to D2Rs and used to analyze the mechanisms of IP3R-1 expression regulated

by transcriptional factor. A selective D2R agonist, quinpirole, up-regulated IP3R-1 protein following its mRNA increase, which was significantly inhibited by gallein (a G beta gamma modulator), U73122 (a phospholipase C inhibitor), BAPTA-AM (an intracellular BMS-777607 in vivo find more calcium chelating reagent), W7 (a calmodulin inhibitor), KN-93 (a calmodulin-dependent protein kinases inhibitor), and FK506 (a calcineurin

inhibitor). Immunocytochemical assessment showed that quinpirole increased expression of both cFos and phosphorylated-cJun in nucleus and enhanced translocation of NFATc4 complex to nucleus from cytoplasm. In addition, quinpirole directly recruited bindings between AP-1 and IP3R-1 promoter region and between NFATc4 and IP3R-1 promoter region. These results indicate that D2Rs enhance IP3R-1 gene transcription via increased bindings of AP-1 and NFATc4 to IP3R-1 promoter region after G beta gamma activation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Over the last 15 years, bacterial meningitis has received considerable attention, including national guidelines, whilst viral central nervous system (CNS) infections have been relatively neglected. A recent pilot study suggested that management of patients with suspected Selleckchem Cyclosporin A viral encephalitis was often suboptimal.

Aim: To examine the relative incidence, clinical features and management of suspected acute CNS infections in adults across the NHS North West Region.

Design: A multicentre cross-sectional retrospective cohort study at 10 hospitals across the region over 3 months (from September to December 2007). Following a screen of all patients who had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

or received intravenous aciclovir and/or third-generation cephalosporin, those with clinical features suspicious of a CNS infection were included. Management was compared with the national meningitis and regional encephalitis guidelines.

Results: Three hundred and eighty-five patients were screened; 217 patients had a suspected CNS infection and 44 (20%) had a CNS infection: 18 aseptic meningitis (one herpes simplex virus [HSV]-2), 13 purulent meningitis (four Streptococcus pneumoniae) and 13 encephalitis (three HSV-1). The median (range) time from admission to suspicion of CNS infection and to LP was longer for patients with encephalitis than meningitis [4 (0.3-312) vs. 0.3 (0.1-12) h, P < 0.001, and 23 (4-360) vs. 12 (2-48) h, P = 0.

However, ZIIR mutant virus was 1/10 as efficient as WT virus in establishing proliferating B-cell clones following infection of human primary blood B cells. The ZIIRmt-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) that did grow out exhibited a phenotype similar to the one observed in 293 cells, including marked overproduction of IE and E gene products relative to WT-infected LCLs and lytic replication of the viral genome. Incubation of the ZIIRmt-infected LCLs with

the chemical inducer 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) led to much greater activation of Zp than did the same treatment of WT- or ZVmt-infected LCLs. Furthermore, Silmitasertib datasheet a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, bis-indolylmaleimide, eliminated this activation by TPA. Thus, we conclude that ZIIR is a potent silencing element of Zp; it plays a key role in establishment and maintenance of EBV latency by inhibiting activation of Zp through the H 89 PKC signal transduction pathway.”
“The neurotoxicity of amyloid beta (A beta) has been implicated as a critical cause in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among antioxidant phytochemicals derived from fruit and vegetables, lycopene has recently received considerable attention for its potent protective properties already demonstrated in several models of oxidative damage. The present study aims to investigate

whether lycopene could provide protective effects against A beta-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. The cultured cortical neurons were pretreated with different dose of lycopene for 4 h, followed by the challenge with 25 mu M A beta(25-35) for 24 h. The results showed that pretreatment with lycopene efficiently attenuated A beta(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity, as evidenced

by the improved cell viability and the decreased apoptotic rate. In addition, lycopene inhibited the reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization caused by A beta(25-35). Z-VAD-FMK solubility dmso Lycopene also restored the levels of proapoptotic Bax, antiapoptotic Bcl-2, and inhibited caspase-3 activation. These beneficial effects may contribute to the protection against A beta-induced neurotoxicity. Together, our results suggest that the natural antioxidant lycopene has potential for neuroprotection and therefore, may be a promising candidate for AD treatment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Ourmia melon virus (OuMV) is the type member of the genus Ourmiavirus. These viruses have a trisegmented genome, each part of which encodes a single protein. Ourmiaviruses share a distant similarity with other plant viruses only in their movement proteins (MP), whereas their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) shares features only with fungal viruses of the family Narnaviridae.