1930. = Penicillium botryosum Bat. & H. Maia, Anais Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 15(1): 157. 1957. Type: IMI 92196iiNT (P. citrinum and P. aurifluum); other ex-type: CBS 139.45 = Biourge 53 = Thom 4733.14 = ATCC 1109 = ATCC 36382 = CECT 2269 = FRR 1841 = IMI 091961 = IMI 092196 = LSHB

P25 = LSHB P6 = LSHB Ad95 = MUCL 29781 = NRRL 1841 = NRRL 1842. Description: Colony diameter, 7 days, check details in mm: CYA 27–33; CYA30°C 27–40; CYA37°C 2–12; MEA 18–25; YES 29–37; CYAS 29–36; creatine agar 10–19, poor growth, no or weak acid production. Moderate sporulation on CYA with grey green or blueish grey green conidia, occasionally with small clear or pale yellow exudate www.selleckchem.com/products/mk-5108-vx-689.html droplets, reverse brownish-yellow, diffusible pigments yellow. Moderate to good sporulation on YES, conidial color variable: grey green to dark green, reverse yellow to orange yellow and strong yellow soluble pigment production. Colonies on MEA grey green with a strong blue element, velvety, occasionally with small pale yellow exudate droplets. No reaction with HDAC inhibitor Ehrlich test. Conidiophores arising from mycelium mat, predominant symmetrically biverticillate, terverticillate structures abundantly produced in fresh isolates; stipes smooth, width 2.0–3.0µm; metulae in whorls of 3–4(−6), \( 12 – 16 \times 2.0 – 2.7\mu \hboxm \); phialides ampulliform, \( 7.5 – 10 \times 2.0 – 2.5\mu \hboxm \); conidia smooth walled,

globose to subglobose, \( 2.0 – 2.5 \times

1.8 – 2.5\mu \hboxm \). Diagnostic features: Restricted growth on CYA37°C (2–12 mm), yellow reverse on CYA, globose, smooth walled conidia. Extrolites: Citrinin, quinolactacins, citrinadins, several anthraquinones, the uncharacterized extrolites, tentatively named “CITY” and “shamix”. Distribution and ecology: Worldwide occurrence: predominant in (sub)tropical soils, but also isolated from indoor air, food and as an endophyte of root, stem and leaves of coffee plants (Posada et al. 2007) and roots of Ixeris repens (Khan et al. 2008; identity based on ITS sequences deposited on GenBank). Notes: Thom (1910) did not PAK6 designate a type, but a subculture from his original strain was sent, via Kral, to Biourge. Biourge believed that this strain was contaminated and a culture derived from this strain was described as P. aurifluum. Later, P. aurifluum was sent to Thom and he recognized it as P. citrinum and therefore this strain is accepted to be derived from the original isolate (Pitt 1979). Raper and Thom (1949) mentioned that their concept of P. citrinum is broad in scope and included forms which vary substantially in particular characteristics. It was noted that 75% of the strains fully comply with their species description, and for the remaining strains, six groups were introduced. Representatives of the first group are NRRL 1171 and NRRL 2143 and re-identification of these strains proved to be P. citrinum (Malmstrøm et al. 2000).

Over two thirds of bovine respiratory isolates (91 of 128) belong to just three STs (ST13, ST79 and ST80). All three of these STs included UK isolates, ST13 and ST80 included French isolates and 7 of 8 US cattle isolates were ST79 (the remaining US isolate was ST135, an SLV of ST79). Seven isolates from calves sampled as part of a cross-sectional study in Scotland in 2008, from 7 different farms, grouped into ST123, which was unrelated to any other ST found (using the YM155 order criterion of sharing 5 of 7 alleles). At the est locus, these isolates had a unique allele (allele est-50) which has a single nucleotide insertion, resulting in a frame shift mutation. The functional significance of this is unknown.

The majority of HS isolates (9 of 12; 7 cattle, 2 buffalo) belonged to a unique sequence type (ST122), which also included 2 elephant and one bison isolate of unspecified clinical status. The 28 ovine isolates grouped into 19 STs; no ST was found in both Spanish and New Zealand sheep, although multiple closely related STs (SLVs and DLVs) were identified across both groups (EVP4593 supplier Figure 1). Seven porcine isolates were typed as ST13 and an additional 6 isolates belonged to 5 STs, with one ST (ST9) also

found in cattle, two STs that were DLVs of cattle-associated STs and 2 STs found in pigs only (Figure 1). Eight novel STs were detected in the eight avian isolates typed in the current study. Most STs were specific to host find more of origin (Figure 1), the exceptions being ST13 (40 bovine respiratory and 7 porcine isolates), ST122 (10 bovine HS and 2 elephant isolates), ST 132 (3 ovine and 1 bovine isolates) and ST9 (1 porcine, 1 bovine and 1 human isolate). A highly significant Standardised Index of Association (IS A) (0.45, P = 0.000) in cattle respiratory

isolates indicated the presence of linkage disequilibrium within this population of P. multocida isolates and the results of SplitsTree analysis corroborated this, showing a tree-like, rather than a network, structure (Additional file 1, Figure S1). Significant linkage disequilibrium was also detected when all 195 isolates were analysed (IS A = 0.33, P = 0.000) PtdIns(3,4)P2 and a tree-like structure was again observed on split decomposition analysis (Additional file 2, Figure S2). In the absence of strong evidence for recombination, a Neighbour-Joining tree was constructed from concatenated sequences (Figure 2). The population structure as demonstrated by eBURST analysis was generally maintained, with some substructuring within populations associated with specific niches, for example within ovine and bovine respiratory isolates. Bovine respiratory isolates identified as CC13 formed a discrete cluster with the inclusion of ST88, which is a DLV of STs 79 and 80; no bovine non-respiratory associated ST was related to this cluster (Figure 2).