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on pressure and pressurizing gas for an Al/CuO nanoscale thermite. Proc Combust Inst 2009, 32:1895–1903.CrossRef 11. Zhang K, Rossi C, Petrantoni M, Mauran N: A nano initiator realized by integrating Al/CuO-based nanoenergetic materials with a Au/Pt/Cr microheater. J Microelectromech Syst 2008, 17:832–836.CrossRef 12. Zhou X, Shen R, Ye Y, Zhu P, Hu Y, Selleckchem HSP inhibitor Wu L: Influence of Al/CuO reactive multilayer films additives on exploding foil initiator. J Appl Phys 2011, 110:094505.CrossRef 13. Cheng JL, Hng HH, Lee YW, Du SW, Thadhani NN: Kinetic study of thermal- and impact-initiated reactions in Al-Fe 2 O 3 nanothermite. Combust Flame 2010, 157:2241–2249.CrossRef 14. Park C-D, Mileham M, van de Burgt LJ, Muller EA, Stiegman AE: The effects of stoichiometry and sample density on combustion dynamics and initiation energy of Al/Fe2O3 metastable interstitial composites. J Phys Chem C 2010, 114:2814–2820.CrossRef 15. Plantier KB, Pantoya ML, Gash AE: Combustion wave speeds of nanocomposite Al/Fe 2 O 3 : the effects of Fe2O3 particle synthesis technique. Combust Flame 2005, 140:299–309.CrossRef 16. Wang L, Luss D, Martirosyan KS: The behavior of nanothermite reaction based on Bi 2 O 3 /Al. J Appl Proteases inhibitor Phys 2011, 110:074311.CrossRef 17. Son SF, Asay BW, Foley TJ, Yetter RA, Wu MH, Risha GA: Combustion

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Questions on the history of allergy-like symptoms were divided into four subsections: respiratory symptoms including wheezing and whistling, i.e. BA-like symptoms; dermal symptoms including reddish skin, itching, and oozing, i.e. AD, eczema, or urticaria-like symptoms;

Deforolimus in vivo nasal symptoms including sneezing, nasal discharge, and nasal obstruction, i.e. AR/PA-like symptoms; and ocular symptoms including eye itching, reddish eyes, and watery eyes, i.e. AC or PA-like symptoms. Each subsection comprised a core question on the allergy-like symptom experienced ever and a series of branch questions on the age of first attack, changes in symptom severity, and season/months in which the symptoms most frequently appeared. Respiratory allergy-like symptoms, dermal allergy-like symptoms, nasal allergy-like symptoms, and ocular allergy-like symptoms were defined as presence if the core questions (VI.1.a, VI.2.a, VI.3.a, and VI.4.a, refer to appendix) were responded ‘yes.’ In Target Selective Inhibitor Library order addition,

eczema caused by rubber gloves, metallic accessories, and cosmetics was documented and the respondents who replied ‘yes’ toward this were also considered to be the subjects with dermal symptoms. Follow-up questionnaire items This questionnaire consisted of demographic information, smoking status, history of allergy-like symptoms, and occupational history as a medical doctor. Similar to the baseline study, questions on the history

of allergy-like symptoms were divided into four subsections. Each subsection consisted of a core question on the allergy-like symptom experienced ever and a series of branch questions. Respiratory allergy-like symptoms, dermal allergy-like symptoms, nasal allergy-like symptoms, and ocular allergy-like symptoms were defined as presence if the core Gemcitabine molecular weight questions (II.1.a, II.2.a, II.3.a, and II.4.a, refer to appendix) were responded ‘yes.’ The branch questions concerned changes in symptom severity after graduation, whether the symptoms seemed to be work-related, and appearance of the symptoms by work-related items (chemical substances, medical tools, and medical materials), laboratory animals, and other causes which were not work-related. Occupational history as a medical doctor was asked in open-ended style. Work-related symptoms were defined based on the literature by one of the present authors (Kusaka et al. 1986). It was considered to be work-related if the symptoms appeared in the workplace and decreased or disappeared at home, the symptoms appeared on the days on duty (e.g. weekdays) and decreased or disappeared during the days off duty (e.g. weekends and holidays), and the symptoms disappeared after a change of the workplace or profession. Serological test Each April, from 1993 to 1996 and from 1999 to 2001, we conducted serological tests for the respondents of our baseline questionnaire.

2007). A European water type characterization based on aquatic macro-invertebrate communities revealed that the species (or ‘best available’) taxonomic level was more informative than the family level, as the latter led to a less distinct separation of sites (Verdonschot 2006). It has been concluded that further studies are needed to reveal whether results are mere region-

or system-specific, or may reflect more generic patterns click here (Biaggini et al. 2007; Moreno et al. 2008). Floodplains of large rivers are among the most fertile and richest ecosystems on earth, characterized by very high landscape and biological diversity (Robinson et al. 2002; Ward et al. 2002). Nevertheless, these systems have been poorly investigated with respect to the taxonomic level most appropriate for monitoring biotic properties. Using www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html a lowland floodplain area along the river Rhine for data collection, the present study aimed to compare four arthropod datasets of different taxonomic detail on their discriminatory power for various environmental factors. The arthropod datasets comprised ground-dwelling arthropods at class-order level, beetle families, ground beetle genera and ground beetle species. The choice for beetles and ground beetles was made because they are relatively easy to identify and because they tend to show clear responses to a variety of environmental characteristics (Biaggini et al. 2007; Irmler 2003; Pohl et al. 2007;

Uehara-Prado et al. 2009). The environmental conditions investigated included vegetation characteristics, hydro-topographic setting, physical–chemical soil properties and soil contamination levels. To relate the arthropod assemblages to these environmental characteristics, the method of variance Cobimetinib research buy partitioning was used. This is a multivariate statistical approach designed to attribute variation in community composition to specific explaining variables and thus particularly suited to assess the importance of different environmental factors relative to each other (Borcard et al. 1992; Peeters et al. 2000). Methods Study area The river Rhine is one

of the longest and most important rivers in Europe, flowing from the Swiss Alps via Germany and The Netherlands to the North Sea. Shortly downstream of the border between Germany and The Netherlands, the Rhine splits in three main distributaries, i.e. the Waal, the Nederrijn and the IJssel (Fig. 1). The floodplains along these distributaries are generally embanked and cultivated. During the past century, large amounts of contaminated river sediment have been deposited in these areas (Middelkoop 2000). This has resulted in elevated concentrations of several contaminants, notably heavy metals, in the floodplain soils. Fig. 1 Location of the study area ‘Wolfswaard’ The ‘Wolfswaard’ floodplain area (51o57′19″N; 5o39′3″E) is located south of the city of Wageningen along the Nederrijn distributary (Fig. 1). The study area is embanked by a winter dike.

Samples collected in subjects after creatine supplementation (postCRE) were compared to samples collected from placebo group (both before and after supplementation, prePLA, and postPLA, respectively) and from subjects before creatine supplementation (preCRE). Discussion Creatine has long been credited as an efficient ergogenic supplement that improves the anaerobic power of athletes submitted to high-intensity, short-duration tests [1, 3]. The metabolic strategy is supported Venetoclax research buy by the previous creatine overload in muscle fibers (particularly type-II) and enhancement of ATP generation

for extra power output during early/anaerobic stages of exercise. The maximum anaerobic MLN0128 molecular weight power was significantly increased by 10.5 % after acute 20 g/day creatine supplementation (Table 2), together with strong tendencies for increased

total workload and reduced fatigue index, although not significant in the present study. However, creatine has also been shown to have a role as an antioxidant compound that hampers overproduction of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) within contractile skeletal muscles during exercise [6, 32]. This hypothesis is in line with recent findings by Sestili et al. [33] who demonstrated that creatine treatment can directly prevent cell death in C2C12 myoblasts due to its antioxidant activity. Regarding mechanisms, due to its substantial absorption and dose-dependent accumulation in plasma following supplementation [34], creatine is supposed to exert a direct scavenging effect against ROS produced in plasma – with concomitant minor chelating action [7] – that enhanced blood antioxidant capacity in creatine-fed subjects (FRAP, Table 1). Neither

creatine itself nor any Farnesyltransferase of its metabolites (e.g. creatinine) were directly measured here. Therefore, we cannot exclude the hypothesis of a co-adjutant chelating role of one of the creatine metabolites in plasma following its acute supplementation. Further studies are necessary to better address this hypothesis. Iron ions are reportedly released in plasma during/after strenuous exercise, but intracellular or plasmatic sources are still relatively obscure [18, 19]. Regarding total iron released in plasma (AUCt0-t60 ), creatine supplementation resulted in higher amounts released during/after 60 min of the exhaustive Wingate test (2.4-fold higher; Figure 1A and B). However, the same 2.4-fold higher iron content was also observed in creatine-fed subjects at rest, with lower increment from heme-iron (t0 post/t0 pre, Table 1). Thus, it is tempting to suggest that the pre-acquired increased iron content in plasma during the creatine supplementation period was responsible for a similar increase during/after exercise, indicating that no other source was mainly contributing to the total iron load in plasma during exercise.

Only patients

with paraffin embedded tissues from surgically resected primary lung cancers and lung cancer-related local lymph node metastatic samples with histologically confirmed NSCLC were included. Patients who had been exposed to TKI before surgical treatment were excluded from this study. In each case, hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of primary tumor and corresponding synchronous lymph node metastases were reviewed by two pathologists to identify neoplastic areas and the amount of tumor cells in order to ensure that they contained more than 70% of tumor components for DNA extraction and mutation analysis. Tissue blocks were macro-dissected using a safety blade when samples Selleckchem PD0325901 were less than 70% of tumor cells. Primary tumor and lymph node specimens were obtained from all patients by surgical resection of primary tumors with lymph nodes dissection according to prevailing surgical standards. Consequently, 80 pairs

STA-9090 molecular weight of primary tumors and the corresponding lymph nodes metastases were analyzed. All samples were from patients of Chinese origin with NSCLC. The characteristics of the included patients were shown in Table 1. Table 1 Patients’ Characteristics (N = 80) Characteristics Patient Number (%) Age, mean (range) 58 (32-77) Gender      Male 50 (62.5)    Female 30 (37.5) Pathologic type      Adenocarcinoma 39 (48.75)    Squamous cell carcinoma 31 (38.75)    Adenosquamous carcinoma 6 (7.5)    Large Interleukin-3 receptor cell carcinoma 4 (5) Smoking history      Ever 49 (61.25)    Never 31 (38.75) The inclusive criteria for selecting patients to receive gefitinib as neoadjunvant therapy were as follows: (1) NSCLC verified by cytology

or histology; (2) age 18 to 70 years; (3) NSCLC with stage IIIA or IIIB and the tumors were confined in homolateral thoracic cavity; (4) patients without metastases in contralateral mediastinal lymph node; (5) patients who have never received treatment; (6) patients who could tolerate the surgery; (7) patients who were willing to receive preoperative target therapy. The exclusive criteria were: (1) without definite diagnosis; (2) age ≥ 70 years; (3) NSCLC with N3 or distant metastases; (4) small cell lung cancer; (5) patients who have been treated before; (6) patients who were unable to tolerate radical surgery. The local ethics committee granted approval, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient. DNA extraction Thirty mg of frozen tissue was shredded by scissors. The E.Z.N.ATM Tissue DNA Kit (purchased by OMEGA) was used to extract genomic DNA. Quality and concentration of the DNA samples were examined by Nano Drop (Thermo™). Genomic DNA was then diluted to a working concentration of 5-10 ng/ul.

The present decisional model suggests, at the best of our knowledge, the way to apply scientific knowledge to the clinical practice in order to choose which type of BP use in abdominal wall defects repair. This should always be a dynamic process mediated by the surgeon decisional capability. We resumed the principal variables to keep in mind in deciding the kind of BP to use. Infection has been divided into three possible grades: 1: potentially

contaminated 2: contaminated 3: infected The same three steps division has been adopted for the tissue loss: 1: no tissue loss (only reinforcement) 2: 05 cm defect 3: >5 cm defect By combining together these variables (multiplication) we obtained a score which determine the necessity to use either a cross-linked or a non-cross-linked BP (Figures  1, 2). Operating field has been divided into three groups. In a previous grading system by the Ventral Hernia Working Group (VEWG) the four grade of risk for surgical PD0325901 solubility dmso site occurrences have been differentiated by considering also the comorbidity of the patients [5]. Clinical conditions are to be kept in mind in evaluating the use of prosthesis but in the present decisional model the principal aim is to help the surgeon to decide whether use cross-linked or non-cross-linked BP. Undefined situations still exist. Cases with a score between 2 and 6 represent all that patients with a big tissue loss and selleck compound a

potential/low grade infection or vice-versa cases with an high grade infection and a low or null tissue loss. These cases need a cautious evaluation by the surgeon to establish if the priority has to be given to the tissue loss or to the grade of infection. The VEWG score could help in deciding. Infected fields with no residual loss of tissue don’t represent an absolute indication for BP use. On the contrary a small tissue loss with concomitant low/null infection

but high comorbidity could suggest using a non-cross-linked BP. The higher resistance to protease enzyme action and to mechanical stress of cross-linked BP suggest using them in situation of high infection and/or big defects. As counterpart, however even in presence of a high grade infection with a low grade tissue loss could be suggested to place a non-cross-linked BP. Conclusion The present Progesterone score represents the first combination of scientific knowledge and clinical expertise that gives some indications about the kind of BP to use. However no definitive recommendations could be given in complicated abdominal wall reconstructive surgery. The lack of definitive evidence-based data and the high costs of the BP suggest to cautiously evaluate each single case. References 1. Rutkow IM: Surgical procedure in the United States. Then (1983) and now (1994). Arch Surg 1997,132(9):983–990.PubMedCrossRef 2. Engelsman AF, van der Mei H, Ploeg RJ, Busscher HJ: The phenomenon of infection in abdominal wall reconstruction. Biomaterials 2007,28(14):2314–2327.PubMedCrossRef 3.

She was followed with serial CT scans and abdominal examinations. Four days after the drainage procedure, the abscess cavity was noted to have decreased in size significantly. Her leukocytosis and bowel obstruction also resolved. However, six days after initial drainage, the abscess had subsequently increased in size and was associated with a decrease in drain output. Therefore the decision was made to upsize the drain. Figure 1 CT Scan with right lower quadrant abscess. Computer

selleck compound tomography images with intravenous and oral contrast demonstrating left lower quadrant abscess and small bowel obstruction. Grey arrows denote the abscess cavity. White arrows denote the endostent. Figure 2 CT Scan of the common bile duct stent. 3-Dimensional reconstruction of CT data demonstrating the migrated biliary stent to be extraluminal in the left lower quadrant. Contrast was injected into the existing drain to confirm position then a guide wire was placed into the abscess via the drain (Figure 3A). The drainage catheter was replaced with a 7F sheath (Terumo Interventional Systems, Somerset, NJ) and a 25 mm Amplatz Gooseneck see more snare (EV3, Plymouth, MN) was advanced to capture the endostent (Figure 3B). The stent

was then removed intact (Figure 3C, D) and a 12F multipurpose drain was placed. The stent was not able to be removed during the initial drainage because the collection had a teardrop configuration, with the drainage catheter at the top of the acetylcholine “”tear”" and the stent lying at the bottom of the collection. After percutaneous evacuation, the drainage catheter and the endostent came into proximity. At that point,

removal was possible. A follow-up CT scan 2 days later demonstrated a decrease in the size of the abscess. Figure 3 Fluroscopic images of the extraluminal biliary stent. Fluroscopic images demonstrating the retrieval of the extraluminal biliary stent. Panel A shows the catheter to be within the abscess cavity. Panel B shows the snare engaging the stent. Panel C shows the stent being removed through the sheath. Panel D shows the abscess cavity without the stent present. Her drainage continued at a stable and low level. She was discharged home with the drain with the intent of removing it after 6 weeks if there was no further an enteric or purulent content. Oral ciprofloxicin and metronidazole was prescribed three weeks. During her outpatient visit three weeks later, she continued to drain about 10–20 cc per day of feculent material. A repeat abdominal and pelvic CT scan with contrast was performed (figure 4). The abscess had completely collapsed but a persistent fistulous connection was noted to the distal small bowel. The patient continued to do well clinically. We therefore decided to treat the patient conservatively as a controlled, low output enterocutaneous fistula by monitoring the drainage as an outpatient.

And our results confirmed that the prevalence of CAFs was closely associated with the metastatic potential of gastric cancer, and further work should be done to confirm the correlation between CAFs’ prevalence and survival LY2109761 solubility dmso of gastric cancer patients. Conclusions Our findings report here demonstrate that reactive cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were frequently accumulated in gastric cancer tissues, and the prevalence of CAFs was correlated with tumor size, depth of the tumor and tumor metastasis as well as the overall TNM stage, suggesting that CAFs were critical for tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, thus give some supports for the prognosis of

the gastric cancer patients. Acknowledgements We want to thank Prof. Li Gao in the Department of pathology of Changhai Hospital and Dr. Ni Zhu in the Central Lab of Changhai Hospital for their expert technical supports for the experiments. This work was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (30672046). References 1. Anderson C, Nijagal A, Kim J: Molecular markers for gastric adenocarcinoma: an update. Mol Diagn Ther 2006, 10:345–352.PubMed 2. Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL: Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 18th edition. Saunders, An Imprinter of Elsevier. Philadelphia; 2008.

3. Kim JW, Hwang I, Kim MJ, Jang SJ: Clinicopathological characteristics CP-868596 and predictive markers of early gastric cancer with recurrence. J Korean Med Sci 2009, 24:1158–1164.PubMedCrossRef 4. Miyahara R, Niwa Y, Matsuura T, Maeda O, Ando T, Ohmiya

N, Itoh A, Hirooka Y, Goto Apoptosis inhibitor H: Prevalence and prognosis of gastric cancer detected by screening in a large Japanese population: data from a single institute over 30 years. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 22:1435–1442.PubMedCrossRef 5. Aurello P, D’Angelo F, Rossi S, Bellagamba R, Cicchini C, Nigri G, Ercolani G, De Angelis R, Ramacciato G: Classification of lymphnode metastases from gastric cancer: comparison between N-site and N-number systems. Our experience and review of the literature. Am Surg 2007, 73:359–366.PubMed 6. Kalluri R, Zeisberg M: Fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2006, 6:392–401.PubMedCrossRef 7. Mueller MM, Fusenig NE: Friends or foes – bipolar effects of the tumour stroma in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004, 4:839–849.PubMedCrossRef 8. Bhowmick NA, Neilson EG, Moses HL: Stromal fibroblasts in cancer initiation and progression. Nature 2004, 432:332–337.PubMedCrossRef 9. Tlsty TD, Coussens LM: Tumor stroma and regulation of cancer development. Annu Rev Pathol 2006, 1:119–150.PubMedCrossRef 10. Qiu W, Hu M, Sridhar A, Opeskin K, Fox S, Shipitsin M, Trivett M, Thompson ER, Ramakrishna M, Gorringe KL, Polyak K, Haviv I, Campbell IG: No evidence of clonal somatic genetic alterations in cancer-associated fibroblasts from human breast and ovarian carcinomas. Nat Genet 2008, 40:650–655.PubMedCrossRef 11.

In a previous study, O157 was observed to adhere to RSE cells in vivo and in vitro, besides the FAE cells [5] and this observation was used to develop a unique in vitro adherence assay for O157 with RSE cells [5]. In this study, we decided to (i) evaluate if the LEE-encoded proteins would also be critical for O157 adherence to RSE cells, as for FAE cells, and (ii) in the event that these proteins would not play a significant role in RSE

cell adherence, define the proteome of O157 as expressed when grown in the adherence assay media, DMEM, to assemble targets for future evaluation in RSE adherence. Experimental and bioinformatic evaluation of such targets could in fact help identify a subset of novel adhesins that may have excellent potential to increase the efficacy of the anti-adhesion, cattle O157 vaccines, check details by eliminating O157 from both FAE and RSE cells at the RAJ. Methods Bacterial strains and culture conditions The wild-type O157 strain EDL933 (O157), a sequenced isolate

implicated in human disease [21], was used in this study. We cultured O157 in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium-Low Glucose (DMEM; Gibco/lnvitrogen Corporation, Grand Island, NY), for the cell adherence assays described below. The rationale for the use of this culture medium was (i) to reflect the growth conditions used in the eukaryotic cell adherence assays; and (ii) to closely parallel the in vivo nutrient-limiting conditions, and conditions used to prepare the cattle-use approved, LEE protein based, anti-adhesion O157 vaccine. In addition, HSP inhibitor another wild-type O157 strain 86–24 (86–24), its isogenic mutant (86-24eae Δ10) negative for Intimin, and this mutant complemented with the plasmid pEB310 (86-24eae Δ10(pEB310)) expressing Intimin, were also tested in the adherence assay [22]. The 86–24 strain and its derivatives were obtained from Dr. A. D. O’Brien, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD. We also cultured O157 in DMEM for proteomic analysis. Specifically, an overnight culture of the wild-type O157 strain in Luria-Bertani

(LB) broth was pelleted Edoxaban and washed with sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4), and subcultured to an initial OD600 of 0.05 in fresh DMEM. After incubation at 37 °C with shaking at 250 rpm to an OD600 of 0.8 to 1.0, cells were harvested by centrifugation at 7,000 rpm, 15 min at 4 °C. Cells were washed three times with an equal volume of sterile PBS (pH 7.4), and processed to obtain cell lysate and pellet fractions for proteomic analysis as previously described [23]. O157-RSE cell adherence inhibition assay: (i) in the presence of pooled anti-LEE proteins, anti-intimin and anti-H7 antisera Adherence of O157 to the RSE cells was previously demonstrated and developed into an adherence assay in our laboratory [5].

All nucleotide sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database under the accession numbers JF807063 to JF807176 (i.e. cattle clones), excluding JF807116 (identical to JF807120); and JF807177 to JF807311 (i.e. Yak clones), excluding JF807307 (identical to JF807305). Acknowledgements This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (project No.: 31170378), and the Scholarship Award for Excellent Doctoral Student Granted by Lanzhou University.

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