This short review Rapamycin clinical trial is intended to

help the reader select patients appropriate for prevention and to initiate, monitor, and adjust preventive treatment. Goals in discussing preventive management are to facilitate provider familiarity with and confidence in this therapy leading to improved clinical outcomes and to a reduced burden of headache-related disability. Optimal therapeutic success is best achieved in the setting of a strong therapeutic alliance. Medication options for prevention are reviewed. Continued educational efforts directed at both patient and provider may be required to improve treatment utilization and reduce headache impact. “
“(Headache 2010;50:92-98) Background/Objectives.— Alcohol is a well-known trigger factor for cluster headache attacks during the active phases of the disease. The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway, which converts alcohol to the toxic substance acetaldehyde, is responsible for most of the alcohol breakdown in

the liver. Humans have 7 ADH genes, tightly clustered on chromosome 4q21-q25, that encode different ADH isoforms. The ADH4 gene encodes the class II ADH4 pi subunit, which contributes, find more in addition to alcohol, to the metabolization of a wide variety of substrates, including retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and biogenic amines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of genetic variants within the ADH4 gene with cluster headache susceptibility and phenotype. Methods.— A total of 110 consecutive unrelated cluster headache patients and 203 age- and sex-matched Forskolin healthy controls of Caucasian origin were involved in the study. Patients and controls were genotyped for 2 bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ADH4 gene: SNP1 – rs1800759 and SNP2 – rs1126671. Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies of the examined polymorphisms were compared between cases and controls. Results.— Genotype frequencies of the rs1126671 polymorphism resulted significantly different between

cluster headache patients and controls (χ2 = 10.269, P = .006). The carriage of the AA genotype, in comparison with remaining genotypes, was associated with a significantly increased disease risk (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.25-4.37). Haplotype analysis confirmed the association between the ADH4 gene and the disease. No association between different clinical characteristics of cluster headache and the examined polymorphisms was found. Conclusion.— Our data suggest that cluster headache is associated with the ADH4 gene or a linked locus. Additional studies are warranted to elucidate the role of this gene in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. “
“Behavioral approaches have been found to be effective in managing chronic headache.

2B,C). We studied HuR ablation in terms of cell response in MLP29, SAMe-D, RKO, and the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. HuR silencing induced a strong activation of caspase-3 and a lower percentage of cells entering into S phase in those cell lines (Fig. 2D). These data suggest that HuR ablation promotes apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. Furthermore, Mdm2 silencing in MLP29, hepatoma, and RKO cells led to a significant

decrease in HuR levels and its target, cyclin A (Fig. 2E). In addition, in RKO cells, the ablation of Mdm2 increased by 9.7 times the activity of caspase-3 activity (Fig. 2F, left graphics), whereas no changes in this apoptotic response was detected in MLP29 and SAMe-D cells 48 hours after transfection (data not shown). However, silencing of Mdm2 for a longer high throughput screening assay period (72 hours) rendered a significant increase of caspase-3 activity and cell-cycle arrest in those cell lines (Fig. 2F). All these data suggest a cross-talk between Ibrutinib purchase HuR and Mdm2, where at least part of the oncogenic features linked to Mdm2 could be attributed to HuR functionality. Mdm2 acts as an E3 Ub ligase and can regulate its own stability through autoubiquitination, targeting itself for proteasomal degradation.27 Importantly, Mdm2 exhibits E3 NEDD8 ligase activity, promoting p53 stability.14

Because we found that Mdm2 could regulate HuR levels (Fig. 2E), we examined whether this occurred through NEDDylation. To this end, we overexpressed Mdm2 and His6-NEDD8 in the MLP29 cell line. IP of HuR revealed the appearance of high molecular bands with HuR Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) immunoreactivity in the presence of either Mdm2 or NEDD8 (Fig. 3A). To gain

insight about HuR NEDDylation, MLP29 cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing HuR-V5, along with His6-tagged NEDD8, and the proteins conjugated to His6-NEDD8 were purified as described previously.28 We found that HuR NEDDylation, in the presence of His6-NEDD8, was increased by Mdm2, suggesting that Mdm2 regulates HuR NEDDylation (Fig. 3B). To examine the influence of NEDDylation on HuR stabilization, we used siRNA to knock down NEDD8 expression. Sequential transfections to silence NEDD8 completely destabilized HuR-V5, even in the presence of Mdm2 (Fig. 3C). To show the importance of Mdm2-mediated NEDD8 conjugation in HuR stabilization, we cotransfected HuR and Mdm2 with the cysteine protease (NEDP1), which removes NEDD8 molecules from conjugated substrates.13 Whereas Mdm2 alone induced the accumulation of HuR-V5, coexpression with NEDP1 clearly decreased the amount of V5 expressed (Fig. 3D). In agreement with this, the expression of NEDP1 induced the destabilization of endogenous HuR in MLP29 cells and RKO cells (Fig. 3E). Ub-mediated proteolysis of HuR by stress signals has been previously reported to regulate its stability.9 We thus examined whether HuR ubiquitination following a stress signal, such as UVC, would affect NEDDylated HuR-V5.

0% and 24.0%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, age (< 70 years; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.341, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.101–4.977, P = 0.027) and indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (< 15%; HR = 3.621,

95% CI = 1.086–12.079, P = 0.036) were statistically significant determinants of overall survival, while tumor number (solitary, HR = 2.465, 95% CI = 1.170–5.191, P = 0.018) was identified for disease-free survival. Overall survival of patients with early recurrence after RFA was significantly worse than that of patients with late recurrence. Tumor size was the only independent risk factor of early recurrence after AMPK activator RFA of HCC (tumor size > 2 cm; risk ratio [RR] = 4.629, 95% CI = 1.241–17.241, P = 0.023). Conclusion:  Percutaneous RFA under the protocol reported here has the potential to provide AP24534 order local tumor control for small HCC. In addition to host factors, time interval from RFA to recurrence was an important determinant of prognosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world today. Currently, owing to periodic surveillance of patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, small HCC are occasionally found during

imaging examinations.1,2 Although surgical resection is the standard treatment modality for HCC, its use is usually limited because the majority of patients, even with small HCC, have associated severe liver dysfunction.3,4 Various percutaneous all ablation therapies are now in clinical use as alternative treatment options for small HCC, including percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), microwave coagulation therapy (MCT),

cryoablation, laser and radiofrequency ablation (RFA).5–10 Although originally restricted to HCC that were unsuitable for resective surgery, percutaneous ablation therapies are now proving valuable in small operable cases as well.11,12 Radiofrequency ablation is currently considered the most effective percutaneous ablation therapy, and some centers now use it as a first-line treatment option, even in patients suitable for surgery.13 Among the various clinical studies of RFA, however, only a few have focused on percutaneous RFA for small HCC as a first-line treatment option.14,15 Moreover, few studies have evaluated the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of percutaneous RFA for small HCC (up to 3 nodules, each up to 3cm in diameter). Radiofrequency ablation procedures and treatment evaluation after RFA differ according to facility. In our institution, a combination transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and RFA was performed in patients with hypervascular HCC nodules. Efficacy was evaluated by dynamic computed tomography (CT) 2–3 days after each treatment session, and RFA sessions were repeated until an ablative margin was obtained. Using this protocol, we performed percutaneous RFA in 88 consecutive patients with small HCC from February 2001 to September 2007.

Physiotherapists should also be aware of the HTC recommendations for clotting factor replacement or bypassing agents which may be used postoperatively up to 4 weeks [21,22] or even longer, administered prior to each therapy session. Using total knee arthroplasty (TKA) as an example of physiotherapy in EOS, typical interventions, such as early mobilization and return to functional mobility, the use of ice, continuous passive motion (CPM) machines and post-operative exercise protocols, may need to be modified to promote healing and prevent bleeding in PWH and especially in PWHWI. Commonly, post-operative protocols following TKA in the general population

encourage aggressive, early mobilization, ambulation, and regaining early range of motion (ROM), often Selleckchem Tigecycline with the hallmark goal of reaching 90 degrees knee flexion before discharge from the acute care hospital [23]. In these cases, typical physiotherapy intervention can include manual techniques for ROM, the use of CPM devices, exercise regimens and instruction in resuming functional activity, and ambulation. Physiotherapists should be extremely cautious when attempting to employ these treatment strategies that are familiar in the general population because of the impairment to wound healing and potential bleeding complications in PWH and PWHWI. The typical goals of regaining early motion and mobility must be tempered with protecting the

surgical wound site postoperatively Selleckchem RXDX-106 and prevention of joint bleeding should be paramount in all physiotherapy interventions for PWH and PWHWI. A risk versus benefit model is helpful when evaluating the use of standard physiotherapy interventions and their applications in PWH and PWHWI. Physiotherapy techniques for early ROM and mobility may need to be

curtailed or carried out in a very conservative manner to reduce tension on the healing wound and prevent risk of joint bleeding. In fact, regaining early ROM may be discouraged in order to meet these Interleukin-3 receptor goals [20]. Keeping this in mind, it is likely to limit the patient completing common post-EOS regimens, such as self-ROM exercises, dangling the operative knee over the edge of the bed, receiving passive ROM and early walking in the immediate postoperative period. Examining the use of CPM, recent literature reveals that there is questionable [24] or no difference in outcome for patients in the general population either in the short term [25,26] or long term following TKA [26]. Because the use of CPM could cause tension and interference in wound healing and has the potential for causing bleeding, this intervention likely carries more risk than benefit in PWH and PWHWI [27]. Similarly the use of ice in general post-surgical population is common and likely without significant risk. However this practice may need to be modified, especially in PWHWI where there is the potential for uncontrolled bleeding.

0 mg/d by gavage on. The day before modeling and an hour before diclofenac sodium gavaged in the modeling days. The rats of DX600 group were given 0.1 umol/L DX600 (ACE2 receptor antagonist) 1 ml/100 g by injected into the abdominal cavity on the day before modeling and an hour before diclofenac sodium gavaged in the modeling days. After 5 modeling days, we anaesthetized the rats,

got small intestine tissues, ealculated the score of injury in genera and pathology, observed the pathological changes of small intestinal mucosa, used RT-PCR to examine the mRNA expression of ACE2 in the small intestinal mucosa, used immunohistoehemistry to examine small molecule library screening the expression of ACE2, AngII, p-p38MAPK, NF-κB, and used Western Blot to examine the protein expression of AngII, p-p38MAPK, p38MAPK. Results: ① In model group, the score of injury in genera and pathology increased significantly

comparing with blank group (median 3.5,5 vs 0,0; all P < 0.01); In Valsartan group they decreased significantly comparing with model group (median 1,1 vs 3.5,5; all P < 0.01); In DX600 group the score of injury in genera increased significantly comparing with model group (median Alectinib 4 vs 3.5; P < 0.01), and the score of injury in pathology had no significant difference with model group (median 5 vs 5; P > 0.05). ② The mRNA expression of ACE2 in the small intestinal dipyridamole mucosa, the model group decreased significantly comparing with blank group (0.117 ± 0.047 vs 1.092 ± 0.332; P < 0.01); The Valsartan group increased significantly comparing with model group (0.312 ± 0.068 vs 0.117 ± 0.047; P < 0.01); The DX600 group decreased significantly comparing with model group (0.028 ± 0.008 vs 0.117 ± 0.047; P < 0.01). ③ The expression of ACE2, AngII, p-p38MAPK, NF-κB by immunohistoehemistry, 1). ACE2 expressed mainly in the small intestinal mucosa epithelial cells within the cytoplasm and intestinal tissues of inflammatory cells. The model group decreased

significantly comparing with blank group (1.212 ± 0.647 vs 2.500 ± 0.779; P < 0.01); The Valsartan group increased significantly comparing with model group (4.594 ± 0.566 vs 1.212 ± 0.647; P < 0.01); The DX600 group decreased significantly comparing with model group (0.375 ± 0.567 vs 1.212 ± 0.647; P < 0.05). 2). AngIIexpressed in intestinal vascular endothelial cells was relatively obvious, partial mucosa epithelial cells and inflammatory cells were also visible. The model group increased significantly comparing with blank group (3.531 ± 0.604 vs 1.063 ± 0.496; P < 0.01); The Valsartan group decreased significantly comparing with model group (1.938 ± 0.563 vs 3.531 ± 0.604; P < 0.05); The DX600 group increased significantly comparing with model group (4.375 ± 0.744 vs 3.531 ± 0.604; P < 0.05). 3).

4% were of known age. Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and Richard’s growth models were fitted to autopsy data for total length, dorsal fin height, and dorsal fin base length for male and female Hector’s dolphins separately. The Richard’s growth model, typically, did not converge, and was therefore considered unreliable for these data. There was very little difference between Von Bertalanffy and Gompertz growth functions. Von Bertalanffy growth curves were a marginally

better fit and had a slightly lower residual of the sum of squares. However, Gompertz growth curves fitted the lower end of the data (i.e., the younger animals) much better than Von Bertalanffy curves. Since this portion of the curve is most important for growth, Gompertz curves were chosen (Fig. 4). Linear regressions showed that dorsal fin base length was a far better predictor of total length (females r2= 0.73, males r2= 0.69; DAPT Fig. 5) than dorsal fin see more height (females r2= 0.51, males r2= 0.58; Fig. 6). Females had a slightly better relationship between fin base length and total length than males (Fig. 5). The regressions were used to estimate total length from data on dorsal fin base length for 34 individuals that were measured

using the photogrammetric method. Gender specific linear regressions were used where possible. The estimated total lengths for females ranged from 115.8 cm to 143.1 cm. Males were slightly smaller between 97.1 cm and 126.0 cm. Individuals of undetermined sex had total lengths of between 110.9 cm and 137.1 cm. It has not been possible to estimate age from photogrammetric measurements, for two reasons. Firstly, there is a great deal of variability in the body measurement data; for example, 2-yr-old males range from 90 to 120 cm. Also, the nature of these growth curves is that they plateau at approximately 5–6 yr. Thus a female ≥134 cm could be anywhere between 6 and 20 yr old. It was possible, however,

to place laser-metrically measured individuals into broad age categories, Rucaparib based on their dorsal fin base length (Table 1). Age categories were determined using information on fin length measurements, estimated age (from tooth sections) and maturity status from the collated autopsy data. Individuals that are either particularly large for their age or particularly small are difficult to age. An intermediate category (Table 1) encompasses these individuals as well as those of medium fin length that are unable to be assigned to either the juvenile or mature category. The laser photogrammetric technique applied here was first tested on cetaceans by Durban and Parsons (2006) to measure the dorsal fin height of orca, and has since been used on bottlenose dolphins (Rowe and Dawson 2009). These systems are inexpensive, require very little equipment, and are easy to set up and use. Another major benefit is that identification photographs are obtained simultaneously.

“
“Background and Aim:  Renal insufficiency (RI) can coexist in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study analyzed the prognostic impact of RI on patients with HCC and determined the optimal staging strategy for these patients. Methods:  RI was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. A total of 502 and 1701 HCC patients with and without RI, respectively, were enrolled. One-to-one matched patient cohorts according to treatments were built by using the propensity model. The prognostic ability of the Cancer

of the Liver Italian Program, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, Japan Integrated Scoring, and Taipei Integrated Scoring (TIS) systems in HCC patients with RI was compared by using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Results:  For patients undergoing percutaneous ablation Romidepsin and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), RI was significantly associated with decreased long-term survival (P = 0.001 and 0.004, respectively). In patients receiving resection and other treatments, there were no significant survival differences between patients with and without RI. With similar demographics generated in the propensity model, significantly decreased survival was found in patients

selleck compound with RI in the TACE group (P = 0.018), but not in the resection, percutaneous ablation, and other treatment groups. Among HCC patients with RI, the TIS system had the lowest AIC value. Conclusions:  RI is often present in patients with HCC and predicts

a poor outcome in patients undergoing TACE. The survival of HCC patients receiving resection, percutaneous ablation, and other treatments is not affected by RI. The TIS staging system is a more feasible prognostic model for HCC patients with RI. “
“Epithelial cell adhesion molecule–positive (EpCAM+) hepatocellular carcinoma this website (HCC) cells may constitute a tumor-initiating subpopulation in tumorigenic cell lines and HCC specimens. In the present study, EpCAM+ circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were identified prospectively in HCC patients undergoing curative resection, and the prognostic significance and their stem cell–like characteristics were investigated further. Blood samples from 123 HCC patients were tested prior to resection and 1 month thereafter. CTCs were present in 66.67% of patients, and the cell count measured in 7.5 mL of blood (CTC7.5) ranged between 1 and 34. Fifty-one patients had CTC7.5 of ≥2 preoperatively, and these patients developed tumor recurrence earlier than those with CTC7.5 of <2 CTCs (P < 0.001). A preoperative CTC7.5 of ≥2 was an independent prognostic factor for tumor recurrence (P < 0.001). Its prognostic significance also applied to patients with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels of ≤400 ng/mL or subgroups with low recurrence risk (all P < 0.05). A significant decrease of CTC-positive rates (66.67% to 28.15%, P < 0.05) and CTC7.

The results highlight the importance of fungus-driven bacterial dispersal to understand the functional role of oxalotrophic bacteria and fungi in soils. Dabrafenib ic50 “
“Light entrainment pathways synchronize the circadian clock of almost all species of the animal and plant kingdom to the daily light dark cycle. In the Madeira cockroach Rhyparobia (Leucophaea) maderae, the circadian clock is located in the accessory medulla of the brain’s optic lobes. The clock has abundant neuropeptides with unknown

functions. Previous studies suggested that myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs), orcokinins (ORCs), and allatotropin (AT) take part in light input pathways to the circadian clock. As the sequences of AT and ORCs of R. maderae have not yet been determined, with matrix-assisted laser

desorption/ionization–time of flight mass selleck chemicals spectrometry, the respective Rhyparobia peptides were characterized. To search for light-like phase-shifting inputs to the circadian clock, Rhyparobia-MIP-1, Rhyparobia-AT, and Rhyparobia-ORC were injected at different circadian times, combined with locomotor activity assays. An improved, less invasive injection method was developed that allowed for the analysis of peptide effects within <2 weeks after injection. Rhyparobia-MIP-1 and Rhyparobia-AT injections resulted in dose-dependent monophasic phase response curves with maximum delays at the beginning of the subjective night, similar to light-dependent phase delays. In

contrast to Manduca sexta-AT, Rhyparobia-AT did not phase advance locomotor activity rhythms. Only injections of Rhyparobia-ORCs resulted in a biphasic light-like phase response curve. Thus, it is hypothesized that Rhyparobia-MIP-1 and -AT are candidates for relaying light-dependent delays and/or non-photic inputs to the clock, whereas Rhyparobia-ORCs CHIR-99021 manufacturer might be part of the light-entrainment pathways relaying phase delays and advances to the circadian clock of the Madeira cockroach. “
“Production of new neurons from stem cells is important for cognitive function, and the reduction of neurogenesis in the aging brain may contribute to the accumulation of age-related cognitive deficits. Restriction of calorie intake and prolonged treatment with rapamycin have been shown to extend the lifespan of animals and delay the onset of the age-related decline in tissue and organ function. Using a reporter line in which neural stem and progenitor cells are marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), we examined the effect of prolonged exposure to calorie restriction (CR) or rapamycin on hippocampal neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation in aging mice. We showed that CR increased the number of dividing cells in the dentate gyrus of female mice.

Twenty-five women were presumed to be perinatally infected and five acquired infection from blood or blood product transfusions before their 10th birthday. Maternal characteristics are

shown in Table 1: 70% were of Black African ethnicity, the median age at first reported conception was 18 years (range 14–22 years), and 15 women (50%) had previous AIDS-defining diagnoses. Among 24 women with known resistance patterns, 12 had wild-type virus while five had single and seven dual or triple class resistance. Twenty women (67%) had social service involvement. Eight women (27%) had a previous or current mental health diagnosis that included one click here or more of major depression, repeated self harm and psychosis. Eight pregnancies (19%) were planned, 31 of 42 (74%) involved regular partners, and partners were reported to be aware of the woman’s HIV status in 21 Selleckchem RG7420 of 42 pregnancies (50%). Women were on cART at conception in 23 of 42 pregnancies (55%), at which time five had a CD4 count < 200 cells/µL. Where women were not on cART at conception, CD4 counts were < 200 cells/µL in 11 of 19 pregnancies (58%). Overall, the median CD4 count closest to conception was 244 cells/µL (range 0–837 cells/µL), and the median VL was 18000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL (range < 50–208 296 copies/mL). Fifteen pregnancies

(36%) were electively terminated, six (14%) resulted in first-trimester miscarriages and 21 (50%) resulted in live births. The features of the pregnancies leading to live births are summarized in Table 2. Seventeen

women had 21 infants (all singletons). In all cases, women were on cART at delivery, with a median CD4 count of 263 cells/µL (range 54–1200 cells/µL), and a median VL of 154 copies/mL (range < 50–39 400 copies/mL). In 13 PD184352 (CI-1040) of 20 pregnancies (65%), women delivered with a VL < 50 copies/mL, but one had a VL > 10 000 copies/mL. Twelve infants were delivered by elective and four by emergency caesarean section. Five infants were delivered vaginally, including one whose mother had detectable virus. Four infants required neonatal intensive care, including three (14%) who were delivered at 32–36 weeks of gestation. One infant was infected: HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive on the day of birth, indicating in utero transmission. Although the infant’s mother was on cART prior to conception, poor adherence was reported; maternal VL exceeded 22 000 copies/mL around the time of conception and, although reduced, was still detectable at delivery; CD4 count remained < 200 cells/μL throughout pregnancy. The infant was delivered by elective caesarean section at term, received triple cART as post-exposure prophylaxis and quadruple therapy when infection was confirmed. Nineteen of the remaining 20 infants (95%) were HIV DNA PCR negative at 3 months of age or older, and data are missing for one baby.

Stakeholders’ views on pharmacist prescribing training Nutlin-3a cost in the community setting could also be explored. “
“Objectives  To determine whether pharmacy-based cardiovascular disease (CVD) screening reached the desired population, the local population’s awareness of pharmacy screening and the views of service users and the general public about CVD screening. Methods  Pharmacy staff, located in one English Primary Care Trust providing a CVD screening service, issued questionnaires to service users who had undergone screening. Face-to-face street surveys were conducted with members of the general public within the vicinity of

each participating pharmacy. Key findings  A total of 259 people were screened within the first 6 months of service provision, 97 of whom (37.4%) MK-8669 order completed the evaluation questionnaire. In addition,

261 non-service users participated in street surveys. Most respondents among both service users and non-users had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including smoking and lack of exercise. Responses to statements regarding CVD screening showed a high level of agreement with the need for screening in both groups. However, significantly more service users (90.7%) agreed that a pharmacy was a good place for screening compared to the non-users (77.4%; P < 0.005). Likewise significantly fewer service users agreed that screening should be only carried out by doctors (10.3 compared to 25.3% of non-users; P < 0.005). The overall majority of service users 96 (99.7%) had a positive experience of the screening service, agreeing that they were

given enough time and pharmacists made them feel at ease. Only 9% of non-users were aware of the pharmacy service and, although the majority (78.4%) were willing to be screened at a pharmacy, this was significantly lower among males than females (69.9 compared to 82.7%; P < 0.005). Perceived concerns about confidentiality and lack of privacy were among Sinomenine barriers identified to taking up screening. Conclusion  Pharmacy-based CVD screening is acceptable to the public. Its uptake could be improved through increased awareness of the service and by addressing concerns about privacy and confidentiality in promotional activities. “
“Objectives  The aim was to investigate community pharmacists’ views on the implementation of the electronic Minor Ailment Service (e-MAS) in Scottish community pharmacies and to quantify the barriers and facilitators to service provision. Methods  A postal cross-sectional survey of all community pharmacies in Scotland (n = 1138) was conducted. A combination of open, closed and Likert-type questions were used. Key findings  A response rate of 49.5% was achieved.