The antioxidant capacity of saliva was estimated by an adaptation of ABTS [2, 2′-Azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate)] assay. Results.  The mean TAC level in the saliva

of the children in study group was found to be significantly increased (P < 0.001), and a significantly linear regression was seen between the TAC and dmft score (P < 0.001) whereas it was insignificant between BIBW2992 clinical trial the TAC and age (P = 0.078). Conclusion.  The results indicated that TAC of saliva increased significantly in children with S-ECC and increasing prevalence of dental caries predisposes to the increase in TAC of saliva. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; 21: 232–239 Background.  The design of the bristles of a toothbrush can affect the overall efficacy of toothbrushing. Aim.  To evaluate and compare a number Crizotinib price of selected features associated with the bristle (length, number and end-rounding quality) of manual child and adult toothbrushes. Design.  The bristle lengths of 11 child and 29 adult toothbrushes were measured on digital micrographs using open source image analysis software. Bristles of tufts from five regions were counted and classified

as acceptable or non-acceptable on stereomicroscopic images according to the end-rounding morphology. The data was evaluated statistically. Results.  The number of bristles were similar in child and adult toothbrushes (P > 0.05). Despite significant differences in bristle end-rounding in some regions (P < 0.05), the overall quality of bristles were similar in child and adult toothbrushes (P > 0.05). Conclusions.  The variations observed in the number, length and end-rounding quality of the bristles indicate

inherent shortcomings of a majority of the tested toothbrushes in plaque removal efficacy, along with the potential for irritation on the gums. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013; 23: 23–31 Background.  Home visits (HV) provide excellent opportunities Tryptophan synthase for health promotion. Aim.  This longitudinal study compared the effects of HV and telephone contacts (TC) in preventing early childhood caries (ECC) and colonisation of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli (LB) from 0 to 24 months. Design.  A total of 325 children were recruited from community health centres at mean age of 42 days, and randomly assigned to receive either HV or TC. A total of 188 children completed three, 6 monthly HV, and another 58 had three, 6 monthly TC. An additional 40 age-matched children from childcare facilities served as reference controls (RC). At 24 months, all groups were examined at a community dental clinic. Results.  At 24 months, three HV children of 188 (1.5%) had caries, compared to four TC of 58 (6.8%) and nine RC of 40 (22.5%) (P < 0.001 for HV versus RC; P = 0.05 for HV versus TC and P = 0.03 for TC versus RC). There were also more children with MS in the TC (47%) and RC (35%) compared to HV (28%) group (P = 0.

succinogenes S85. The 16S rRNA gene copy numbers for these strains at 96 h of incubation were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in triculture than in monocultures and two-member coculture (Fig. 2a). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that all three strains attached to rice straw in monoculture (Fig. 2b, i–iii). In the triculture, the

three strains were shown to selleck inhibitor be closely located on the rice straw (Fig. 2b, iv). Although the positive interaction between rumen bacteria has been reported in the previous studies, the present result is the first demonstration of synergism between the newly cultured group U2 bacterium R-25 and F. succinogenes. The extent of increase in DM digestion by coculture of strain R-25 and F. succinogenes S85 was comparable with the previous coculture studies using the combinations of F. succinogenes and several nonfibrolytic species, where DM digestion was enhanced in coculture at 1.05–1.18-fold (Dehority & Scott, 1967; Kudo et al., 1987; Osborne & Dehority, 1989; Fondevila & Dehority,

1996; Sawanon et al., 2011). Growth and fermentation patterns of F. succinogenes S85 were altered AG-014699 clinical trial in coculture with strain R-25. Higher level of 16S rRNA gene copy number (at 96 h) and succinate production (at 48 h) of F. succinogenes S85 suggest that strain R-25 had a positive effect on fermentation activity of F. succinogenes S85. Enzyme activity in coculture of strain R-25 with F. succinogenes S85 partly supports this suggestion. Although extracellular activity of CMCase and xylanase was significantly higher in coculture of strains R-25 and F. succinogenes S85, activity of extracellular CMCase and xylanase from strain R-25

alone was almost negligible. Therefore, elevated extracellular activity of fibrolytic enzyme in the coculture is likely to be solely attributable to F. succinogenes S85. Possible explanations LY294002 of this positive alteration of F. succinogenes S85 activity by strain R-25 include the consumption of oligosaccharides and hydrogen, which can accumulate in the monoculture. Previous research has shown that endoglucanase activity of F. succinogenes S85 is repressed by cellobiose (McGavin et al., 1990). Furthermore, the consumption of hydrogen by methanogenic archaea leading to increased ATP production and/or organic acid concentration of fibrolytic strains has been reported as interspecies hydrogen transfer (Latham & Wolin, 1977; Williams et al., 1994; Rychlik & May, 2000). Consumption of oligosaccharides and hydrogen to produce lactate by strain R-25 could lead to the maintenance of the fibrolytic activity of F. succinogenes S85, resulting in enhanced DM digestion in coculture.

We hypothesized that compared with sham stimulation, AtDCS over M1 will enhance online and offline learning of the implicit motor sequence. In contrast, because PMd is known to be engaged in explicit knowledge of motor sequences, upregulating PMd with AtDCS during practice will attenuate online and offline learning of the implicit motor sequence. Thirteen right-handed healthy adults consented to participate

in the experimental protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Northwestern University. None of the participants had any history of neurological, psychiatric illness or any contraindications to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or tDCS. All participants used their non-dominant (left) hand for practice of the sequences. Dabrafenib chemical structure Each participant attended three experimental sessions separated

by at least 8 days (Fig. 1). Each experimental session consisted of two consecutive days. On day 1 of each experimental session, Epacadostat TMS was used to identify the hotspot for the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle (see below for details). Participants were then tested for baseline performance on the motor sequence. Following baseline assessment, the participants received AtDCS over PMd or M1 or sham AtDCS. Once the participants were comfortable with tDCS (∼2 min later), motor sequence practice was begun. The order of PMd, M1 and sham tDCS was counterbalanced across the three experimental sessions and across participants. On day 2 of each session, the participants returned for a test of retention of the learned motor sequence. A modified version of the serial reaction time task (SRTT) (Nissen & Bullemer, 1987) was used for implicit or procedural learning. Stimuli were presented in a horizontal array at one of the four locations on a computer screen. Each of the positions on the screen corresponded to four keys (V, B, N, M) on the keyboard. Participants sat comfortably in front of the computer with fingers (little, ring, middle and index) of the left hand on the four keys (V,

B, N, M), respectively. For each trial, when a cue appeared on the screen, the participants responded as quickly as possible by pressing the corresponding Histidine ammonia-lyase key. The stimulus remained on the screen until the correct response was made. Unbeknown to the participant a ten-item sequence was repeatedly presented. This allowed them to acquire the sequence in an implicit manner. At each experimental session, participants practiced one of the three ten-item implicit sequences (4-1-2-4-3-2-1-4-1-3; 3-2-4-3-1-4-2-3-4-1; 2-1-3-2-4-3-1-3-2-4) of comparable difficulty and with minimal carryover between sequences. A different sequence was practiced at each experimental session and the order of the sequences was counterbalanced across the 13 subjects.

The possibility cannot be excluded that the bilayer structure of phospholipids with a hydrophobic alkyl region (interface), which is generated by EPA-containing phospholipids, affects the efflux pumping activity check details of compounds including growth inhibitors through the membranes. The hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of microbial cells varies between microbial species, and these properties are associated with various functions (see Rosenberg & Doyle, 1990). IK-1 cells had a higher hydrophobicity than did IK-1Δ8

cells. No difference in the phospholipid composition was observed between IK-1Δ8 and IK-1 cells (Nishida et al., 2007), suggesting that fatty acid composition (i.e. the presence of EPA) leads to higher hydrophobicity of IK-1 cells. Phospholipid bilayers with a hydrophobic interfacial region are permeable to hydrophobic molecules, and the permeability is greater for more hydrophobic solutes (Cohen & Bangham, 1972). This would be applicable primarily to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, where the lipid bilayer is formed, because the outer leaflet comprises mainly lipopolysaccharide and the inner leaflet comprises mainly phospholipids (Nikaido & Vaara, 1985), and to the cell membrane (inner membrane), where the outer and inner leaflets comprise phospholipids. The membrane-shielding effect of EPA-containing

phospholipids would operate in both the outer and the inner cell membranes. The lower Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor MICs of CCCP and DCCD (Table 1) for IK-1 demonstrate that these hydrophobic compounds tend to remain and to operate in Proteasome inhibitor the more hydrophobic cell membrane. These data indicate that the fatty acid composition of the outer and inner membranes should

be analysed separately. According to Allen et al. (1999), a deep-sea EPA-producing bacterium, Photobacterium profundum SS9, includes almost similar levels of EPA (∼5% of total fatty acids) in the outer and inner membranes. Interestingly, enhanced EPA producing mutants of the eukaryotic monocellular alga eustigmatophyte, Nannochloropsis oculata, become more resistant to higher concentrations of cerulenin and erythromycin, both of which are slightly water soluble, compared with the wild type (Chaturvedi & Fujita, 2006). For example, the growth of wild-type cells was inhibited completely by cerulenin at a concentration of 25 μM, but cerulenin, at 75 μM, had no effect on the growth of the mutant (CER1). Although the involvement of the membrane-shielding effect of EPA has not been investigated, it may be operative even in eukaryotic organisms. The wild type of this alga contains 16 : 0 (17% of total), 16 : 1 (17%), and EPA (38%) as the major fatty acids, and the contents of EPA and 16 : 0 and 16 : 1 fatty acids increase in antibiotic-resistant mutants. The authors thank Dr Y.

Thus, the study of HPV genotypes coexisting in the anal canal is of high relevance in HIV-infected men, in order to establish further preventive protocols in this specific population

at risk. The aim of this work was to assess the prevalence Oligomycin A clinical trial of anal condylomata and their association with HPV genotype-specific infection and cytological abnormalities in the anal canal in HIV-infected men (MSM and heterosexuals). A cross-sectional analysis based on the first (baseline) visit of patients in the Can Ruti HIV-positive Men (CARH·MEN) cohort was performed (University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain). This cohort was a prospective, single-centre of out-patient HIV-positive men who were annually assessed for HPV infection in the anus, penis and mouth. The protocol, amendments and other materials were approved by the hospital’s independent ethics committee. Consecutive patient recruitment among out-patients who attended their clinical routine control was carried out by one BKM120 staff care provider from 2005 to 2007 and since 2008 has been carried out by two staff care providers. The patients were informed about the study and invited to visit the Clinical Proctology HIV Unit which was created ad hoc (two afternoons per week). If they agreed to participate,

written informed consent was obtained. HIV-positive men ≥ 18 years old, without a history of (or current) anal cancer, were included in the study. The following data were collected: date of birth, date of HIV-positive diagnosis (time of HIV infection in years), baseline CD4 cell count (the closest value obtained during the participants’ usual clinical

follow-up visits in the HIV Unit before the cytological sample collection), CD4 count nadir (the lowest CD4 value for each patient abstracted from medical records), HIV viral load (the closest value obtained before the sample Interleukin-3 receptor collection), highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) previous to inclusion (yes/no) and time on HAART, history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), alcohol and smoking history, sexual behaviour and number of sexual partners. Baseline CD4 count and CD4 count nadir were determined by flow cytometry, and HIV viral load by Nuclisens (detection limit 80 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL; bioMerieux, Inc., Durham, NC). A clinical examination (visual inspection) and a digital rectal examination were performed at the baseline visit of patients in the CARH·MEN cohort. Samples from the anal canal were collected for detection of HPV infection [multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]. The anal canal sample was also used to carry out the cytology analysis (Pap test). If the anal cytology result showed a pathological finding, the patient was contacted and informed, and a high-resolution anoscopy (with topical application of 2 minutes of duration with 3% acetic acid to the anal canal) was scheduled.

, 1997). Two microlitres of synthetic STI571 AHLs (Sigma, stock concentration 50 μg mL−1) were run as controls: N-octanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C8-HSL) for E. coli JM109 pSB401, N-butyryl-l-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) for E. coli JM109 pSB536 and N-dodecanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C12-HSL) for E. coli JM109 pSB1075 (Winson et al., 1998). Plates were dried and overlaid with 3 mL of semi-solid LB medium (8% agar) inoculated with 30 μL of an overnight culture of the corresponding sensor strain.

Plates were incubated at 37 °C and every hour, radiographic plates were laid over them to detect the emission of bioluminescence. LC-MS analyses were carried out simultaneously in the laboratories in Nottingham and Santiago using different equipment and slightly

different conditions to confirm the presence of AHLs unequivocally. In Nottingham, a Shimadzu series 10AD VP equipped check details with binary pumps, a vacuum degasser and an SIL-HTc autosampler and column oven (Shimadzu, River Drive, MD) was used as the LC system. As column a Phenomenex Gemini C18, 150 × 2 mm (5 μm particle size), at 45 °C was used. The mobile phase was built by 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). The flow rate was 0.45 mL min−1. The elution conditions were as follows: 1 min 0% B, linear gradient to 50% B for 0.5 min and then a linear gradient from 50% to 90% B over 4 min, then 2.5 min 99% B over 2 min, then ramped back to the starting conditions in 0.2 min. The column was re-equilibrated for a total of 4 min. Samples were redissolved in 50 μL acetonitrile before use and a 10-μL volume was injected onto the column (Ortori et al., 2007). Parallel analyses were carried out using an HPLC 1100 series (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) equipped Endonuclease with a C8 precolumn (2.1 × 12.5 mm, 5 μm particle size) and a ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 2.1 × 150 mm (5 μm particle size) column. Temperature

and mobile phases were the same as above, but the flow rate was set at 0.22 mL min−1. In this equipment, the elution conditions were as follows: 0 min 35% B, linear gradient to 60% B in 10 min and then a linear gradient from 60% to 95% B over 5 min, then 5 min 95% B and then in 1 min, ramped back to the starting conditions in 9 min. The column was re-equilibrated for a total of 5 min. A 2-μL volume was injected onto the column. The MS experiments shown were conducted in Santiago on an API 4000 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) equipped with a TurboIon source using positive ion electrospray, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The MRM signals were used to generate relative quantification information and to trigger subsequent quality product ion spectra (product ion PI, MS2). The conditions for the generation of the MRM-triggered spectra were as follows: DP ramped from 35 to 57, CE 14-28, CXP 8.

7 to 393 nm) and the two Q bands located between 540 and 590 nm disappeared (Smalley et al., 2004). In the present study,

the pigment extracted from P. gingivalis W83 grown on blood agar without DFO gave a Soret band with λmax value of 393 nm, indicating that the bacterial cells formed μ-oxo bisheme within 5 days under the given condition. During the same time period, however, the Soret band of the pigments extracted the bacterial cells grown on blood agar with DFO showed the λmax values at 397, 407, and 411 nm and the Q bands positioned at 543 and 582 nm did not disappear (Fig. 1). It is noteworthy that, after long-term incubation SCH772984 over 10 days, the λmax value of the Soret band of the pigments extracted from the bacterial cells grown on blood agar with DFO further blue-shifted to 393 nm and the intensity of the two Q bands almost disappeared (data not shown). These results suggest that the pigments obtained from the bacterial cells grown with DFO for 5 days were probably intermediates such as metHb and DFO significantly, although not completely, suppressed μ-oxo bisheme formation by P. gingivalis. Moreover, in the experiment using broth (without blood), the amount of cell-associated hemin was reduced

by DFO regardless of CCCP-treatment (Fig. 3). It suggests that, independent of RBC, chelation of iron/hemin by DFO limits the iron/hemin availability, which in turn decreases hemin transport by P. gingivalis. Epigenetics Compound Library Collectively, our results indicate that the whole process of iron/hemin

acquisition in P. gingivalis was disturbed by DFO. We observed that adhesion, which is an important virulence attribute of P. gingivalis, was reduced and major fimbrial subunit FimA expression in P. gingivalis was decreased by DFO Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) (data not shown). It was not surprising as hemin is central to the virulence of P. ginigivalis (Lewis et al., 1999) and P. gingivalis cells grown under hemin limitation possess few fimbriae per cell, whereas cells grown under hemin excess conditions have more fimbriae (McKee et al., 1986), and their fimA promoter activity decreases in response to hemin limitation (Xie et al., 1997). Our observation indicates that DFO may significantly reduce pathogenic potential of P. gingivalis by decreasing the bacterial important virulence features like hemin acquisition and adhesion. The protective effect of μ-oxo bisheme against H2O2 has been described (Smalley et al., 2000); P. gingivalis cells with μ-oxo bisheme layer were less susceptible to peroxidation by H2O2 and exposure of P. gingivalis to μ-oxo bisheme during growth or addition of this heme species to the medium protected the bacterium from H2O2. The catalytic degradation of H2O2 by μ-oxo bisheme was accompanied by a concomitant consumption of some of the μ-oxo bisheme in solution and on the cell surface.

De novo synthesis of PBP-3 in a directly active form and subsequent translocation to the periplasm would probably be too slow or lead to undesired side reactions within the cell. this website The instant control of important balanced physiological processes in nature by activation or deactivation by proteases is very common, as the complex system of human blood clotting illustrates (Walsh & Ahmad, 2002). Evidence for the above hypothesized substrate is strengthened by the fact that P. aeruginosa has two homologous PBP-3 genes,

ftsI and pbpC, which could explain the two CTPs of P. aeruginosa CtpA and Prc which few bacterial species have. A periplasmic localization also supports the evidence of other identified substrates for Prc from E. coli, as the NlpI is anchored in the outer membrane (Wilson et al., 2005), and the role of Prc in the SsrA RNA protein-tagging system, which was shown to be active only in the periplasm and not in the cytoplasm (Keiler et al., 1996). The determination of the subcellular location of CtpA in the periplasm of P. aeruginosa will enable us to investigate further its physiological role and narrows the scope of its function to the periplasm of Gram-negative

bacteria. “
“The aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic effects of Lactobacillus strains against Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing gastroenteritis. Six-week-old ICR mice were pretreated with four Lactobacillus strains at three dosages, and then challenged with V. parahaemolyticus PS-341 TGqx01 (serotype O3:K6). The results showed that V. parahaemolyticus TGqx01 caused Rebamipide severe intestinal fluid

accumulation (FA) and villi damage in control mice which were pretreated with phosphate-buffered saline. In contrast, significant alleviation of FA was seen in mice pretreated by with a high dose of Lactobacillus strains (P < 0.05, n = 6) but not in mice that received low-dose pretreatments. Among middle-dose treatments, two highly adhesive strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus H15 and Lactobacillus brevis Y29-4, significantly decreased intestinal FA and villi damage in treated mice (P < 0.05). Two low-adhesive strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus Y14-3 and Lactobacillus fermentum F16-6, had no significant alleviating effects. At the same dosing levels, no significant differences in FA were observed in mice pretreated with strains with similar adhesive abilities but different antagonistic activities. Our findings suggest that Lactobacillus strains can alleviate V. parahaemolyticus-induced intestinal FA in mice, and the doses required for in vivo efficacy depend more on adhesive ability than on the antibacterial activity of strains. "
“A shuttle expression vector, designated as pAJ, was constructed based on the Haloferax volcanii-Escherichia coli shuttle vector pSY1.

For CKD other than HIVAN, there is limited information on the natural history per se and on whether ART confers renal benefit. Immunodeficiency is a potent risk factor for CKD [8, 9]. The majority of patients with CKD have (nadir) CD4 cell counts <350 cells/μL and thus qualify for ART as per current treatment guidelines. There are no data to provide guidance on whether HIV-positive patients with (or at risk of developing) CKD benefit from earlier ART initiation. None the less, HIV replication, immune activation and inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases or contribute to kidney disease progression in some patients [10]. For this reason, ART should be considered

in those presenting with CKD other than HIVAN. Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for those requiring renal replacement therapy. Patients to be considered for renal transplantation are required to have suppressed HIV RNA click here levels and to have CD4 cell counts >200 cells/μL [11], and

should start ART, irrespective of CD4 cell count. We recommend against the use of ARV drugs that are potentially nephrotoxic in patients with stages 3–5 CKD if acceptable alternative ARV agents are available (GPP). We recommend dose adjustment of renally cleared ARV drugs in patients with reduced renal function (GPP). Number of patients with CKD stages 3–5 on ARVs that PR-171 clinical trial are potentially nephrotoxic and a record of the rationale. Record in patient’s notes of calculated dose of renally cleared ARVs Resminostat in patients with CKD stage 3 or greater. There are no data from clinical RCTs to inform ART decisions in patients with

CKD. The risk of CKD is increased with older age, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hypertension, diabetes and with cumulative exposure to indinavir, TDF, ATV and, to a lesser extent, LPV [12, 13]. Indinavir use is no longer recommended in view of the high incidence of renal complications: crystalluria and pyuria are reported in 20–67% [14-16] and nephrolithiasis, tubulointerstitial nephritis and gradual loss of renal function in 4–33% of patients [14, 17-20]. TDF has been associated with falls in eGFR [12, 21, 22], accelerated decline in eGFR [9], acute renal failure [23], tubulointerstitial nephritis [24], CKD [9, 12], renal tubular dysfunction [13, 25] and Fanconi syndrome [26, 27]. The incidence of TDF-associated renal toxicity is low in clinical trials and cohort studies of the general HIV population [28, 29]. Older age, pre-existing renal impairment, co-administration of didanosine or (ritonavir-boosted) PIs, advanced HIV infection and low body mass appear to increase the risk of renal complications [9, 13, 25, 27, 30, 31]. ATV has been associated with reductions in eGFR [32], nephrolithiasis and tubulointerstitial nephritis [13, 24, 33], and CKD [12].

, 1998). At the same time, out of the 22 conserved

nucleotide positions of the CIG, 17 positions were identical to the 40C consensus generated by the IS30–FljA fusion transposase. The 40C consensus was generated similar to the CIG consensus, i.e. a single base at a given position was accepted if it occurred there with at least 40% frequency. These results allow us to conclude that the fusion transposase retained its IS30-like target specificity. Another important attribute of the IS30 transposase is the multiple usage of a preferred – so-called hot spot – target sequence. Having analysed the insertion sites, the fusion transposase chose the same sites several times. We identified four MEK inhibitor preferred target sequences that were chosen at least three times by the fusion transposase (Table 1). These sequences showed pronounced similarity selleck inhibitor to both the 40C consensus of the IS30–FljA and the CIG consensus

of IS30 (Table 1). One of the four hot spots was located in the fliD gene mentioned. Three mutants (i115, i116, i118) out of the four nonmotile mutants proved to carry insertions in the fliD gene (NP_460913 in S. Typhimurium LT2 strain) exactly at the same location (Table 1a and Fig. 3c). This result indicated that in these nonmotile isolates, the insertion occurred close to the recognition site of the FljA protein. It should be noted that based on alignments with 40C consensus insertions in fliC were also expected.

However, further analysis using more stringent consensus sequences indicated that the hotspot in fliD could be more attractive (results not shown). Determination of the insertion site in the fourth mutant indicated that pFOL1069 insertion occurred in the putative yjjY gene (assigned as NP_463455 in S. Typhimurium LT2 strain). The yjjY gene is located on a different segment of the Salmonella chromosome as a putative Methisazone inner membrane protein gene without any functional description. The second hot spot (18i2 – three isolates) was found in the terminator sequence of the transposase producer plasmid itself, while the third (136i1 – three isolates) was in an intergenic region of the Salmonella chromosome. The fourth, and the most preferred, hot spot (17i1) was located in the putative gene yjjY where 11 insertions from three independent experiments were identified exactly in the same position. The inserted pFOL1069 was found in both orientations. In order to verify whether this site was a very frequent hot spot, 278 mutants were tested by PCR (see Fig. S1). We found that pFOL1069 integrated into the putative yjjY gene in 48/278 cases. Regarding the phenotype, most of the yjjY mutants (23/48) showed strongly reduced motility.