We welcome contributions that elucidate deep history and those that address contemporary processes; we especially invite manuscripts with potential to guide and inform humanity into the future. While Anthropocene emphasizes publication of research and review articles detailing human interactions

with Earth systems, the Journal also provides a forum for engaging global discourse on topics of relevance and interest to the interdisciplinary communities. We therefore seek short essays on topics that include policy and management issues, as well as cultural aspects of bio-physical phenomena. We also welcome communications that debate the merits and timing of the Anthropocene as a proposed geologic epoch. While we encourage these discussions, the Journal will remain neutral in its position with regards to the proposal to name a new epoch within the Geological Time Scale. The title of the journal, Anthropocene, is intended as a

learn more broad metaphor to denote human interactions with Earth systems and does not imply endorsement for a new geologic epoch. We are pleased to highlight the first issue of Anthropocene comprising contributed and invited articles reporting studies from different parts of the world and different components of Earth’s systems. The editorial team is committed to producing a quality journal; we look forward to GSK1120212 mouse working together with the research communities to facilitate advancement of the science of the Anthropocene. “
“The nature, scale and chronology of alluvial sedimentation is one of the most obvious geological elements in the identification and demarcation of the Anthropocene (sensu Zalasiewicz et al. (2010)) – the proposed geological period during which humans have overwhelmed the ‘forces of nature’ ( Steffen et al., 2007). The geological record is largely composed of sedimentary rocks which reflect both global and regional Earth surface conditions. Although the geological record is dominated by marine PLEK2 sediments there are substantial intervals of the record where fluvial sediments are common (such as the Permo-Trias and much of the Carboniferous). The constitution of the rock record fundamentally reflects plate tectonics and global climate with the

two being inter-related through spatiotemporal changes in the distribution of land and oceans, astronomical forcing (Croll-Milankovitch cycles) and oceanic feedback loops. However, even marine sediments are the result of a combination of solutional and clastic input both of which are related to climate and Earth surface processes such as chemical weathering and erosion. Geomorphology is therefore an integral part of the rock-cycle and so fundamentally embedded within the Geological record both in the past and today ( Brown, 2008 and Brown et al., 2013). It is in this context that we must consider the role of humans both in the past and under the present increasingly human-driven global climate. Since pioneering work in North America after the dust-bowl of the 1930s by Happ et al.

Dopływy wspólnej żyły płucnej są stopniowo włączane w obręb przyszłego lewego przedsionka, co powoduje, że tworzą one jego tylną ścianę. Odmienne pochodzenie przedsionków zarówno pod względem tworzących je populacji komórek, jak i ekspresji genów, powoduje różnice www.selleckchem.com/screening/apoptosis-library.html morfologiczne tych jam opisane w dalszej części opracowania. Wspólny przedsionek jest charakterystyczny tylko dla wczesnego

rozwoju zarodkowego. Następnie od góry i tyłu dochodzi do wrastania fałdu tworzącego przegrodę pierwotną, zwaną inaczej pierwszą (Ryc. 4). Nie dochodzi ona jednak nigdy do poziomu kanału przedsionkowo-komorowego, ale pozostawia u dołu charakterystyczny otwór zwany pierwotnym (pierwszym). Jego zamknięcie następuje w czasie tworzenia się zastawek przedsionkowo-komorowych przy udziale poduszeczek wsierdziowych kanału przedsionkowo-komorowego i kolca przedsionkowego zamykającego go ostatecznie około 5. tygodnia rozwoju [19, 20]. Wspomniany kolec przedsionkowy odgrywa w tym procesie kluczową rolę, bowiem jego deficyt jest znanym już czynnikiem powodującym powstawanie wrodzonej wady serca pod postacią całkowitego ubytku przegrody przedsionkowo-komorowej (zwanego dawniej wspólnym kanałem przedsionkowo-komorowym) see more u płodów z trisomią 21. chromosomu (zespołem Downa), malformacji znamiennie częściej

występującej u osób z tą aberracją [21]. Podczas gdy otwór pierwotny nie uległ jeszcze zamknięciu, w górnej części przegrody pierwotnej tworzą się fenestracje, które zespalając się ze sobą, uformują otwór wtórny (drugi). Fałd wpuklający się od góry pomiędzy żyłą główną górną a żyłami płucnymi utworzy przegrodę wtórną (drugą). Otwór drugi pełni u płodu niezwykle istotną funkcję, bowiem pozwala na swobodny przepływ krwi z żyły głównej dolnej (a co za tym idzie – utlenowanej krwi z łożyska O-methylated flavonoid doprowadzonej drogą żyły pępkowej) przez prawy przedsionek do przedsionka lewego, z częściowym ominięciem prawej części

serca [22]. Po urodzeniu otwór drugi jest zamykany przez przegrodę pierwotną (zastawkę otworu owalnego). Jeżeli proces ten ulega zaburzeniu, dochodzi do powstania po urodzeniu ubytku przegrody międzyprzedsionkowej typu otworu drugiego (atrial septal defect ostrium secundum type; ASD II), gdy przegroda pierwotna jest zbyt mała w stosunku do otworu drugiego, lub też przetrwałego otworu owalnego (patent foramen ovale; PFO), gdy nie dochodzi do całkowitego zrośnięcia przegrody pierwotnej i wtórnej [3, 23]. Wydawać by się mogło, iż proces tworzenia przegrody międzyprzedsionkowej może w warunkach nieprawidłowych skutkować wyłącznie powstaniem ubytku w jej obrębie. Należy jednak zwrócić szczególną uwagę na miejsce, w którym dochodzi do wpuklania się owej przegrody.

Na revisão de Fraser22 a idade mais avançada foi também um fator que favoreceu a remissão clínica. Ao contrário do estudo de Costantino11, no nosso estudo a duração da doença, isto é, o tempo que medeia entre o diagnóstico e a introdução da AZA, não se correlacionou com a resposta sustentada ao fármaco; já os resultados da série espanhola21, que avaliou prospetivamente a eficácia da AZA na colite ulcerosa,

foram concordantes com os do nosso estudo. Para avaliar a resposta à terapêutica destacamos os PL ao fim de 3 meses de tratamento: todos PD0332991 research buy eles se correlacionaram com a eficácia do tratamento e, no seu conjunto, predizem a eficácia da AZA a longo prazo. Os 2 PL que mais Metformin fortemente predizem a resposta são a PCR e os leucócitos, confirmando a validade dos parâmetros inflamatórios, nomeadamente da PCR na avaliação da atividade clínica e endoscópica

da DII27, 28 and 29. Contudo, utilizando a PCR na prática clínica como marcador de atividade da DII, deverá ter‐se presente que esta aumenta de forma mais marcada na DC do que na CU30. A diminuição do valor dos leucócitos como fator preditivo de resposta sustentada à AZA está de acordo com os dados da série de Fraser22, Candy31 e Colonna32. Contudo, os estudos de Candy31 e Colonna32 mostraram uma correlação fortemente positiva entre o sucesso da terapêutica e a indução de leucopenia pela AZA; já no nosso estudo verificou‐se efetivamente uma redução dos leucócitos sem que fosse atingida necessariamente leucopenia. Verificou‐se também aumento do VGM e descida dos leucócitos em ambos os grupos de doentes (os que responderam e os que não responderam à terapêutica de forma sustentada), ainda que o grau de variação Thalidomide seja mais forte nos doentes que responderam à terapêutica. Estudos prévios mostraram que o VGM seria um fraco marcador preditivo de resposta à terapêutica24. Já no estudo espanhol10, em que doentes com CU corticodependentes foram avaliados

prospetivamente, o VGM foi um fator preditivo de resposta. Na nossa série as plaquetas e a hemoglobina mostraram ser também fatores que se correlacionam com a resposta a longo prazo à AZA, isto é, nos doentes em que o tratamento foi eficaz registou‐se diminuição das plaquetas e aumento da hemoglobina de forma estatisticamente significativa. Assim, e dado que é recomendada a vigilância analítica aquando da terapêutica com a AZA33, destaca‐se a importância dos nossos achados, visto que cada um dos PL aos 3 meses se correlaciona com a eficácia da AZA a longo prazo e sobretudo pela utilidade da aplicação destas variáveis em conjunto, uma vez que são bons preditores da resposta sustentada, permitindo assim perspetivar, de forma objetiva, a eficácia a longo prazo da AZA num determinado doente.

The chemical composition of the specimen surfaces after the coating application was characterized by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The XPS analysis was carried out using a commercial spectrometer (UNI-SPECS UHV) to verify surface chemical composition changes in the treated specimens. The Mg Kα line was used (E = 1253.6 eV), and the analyzer pass energy was set to 10 eV. The inelastic background of the C 1s, O 1s and Bortezomib N 1s electron core-level spectra was subtracted using Shirley’s method. The binding energies of spectra

were corrected using the polymer hydrocarbon component fixed at 285.0 eV. The composition of the surface layer was determined from the ratio of the relative peak areas corrected by sensitivity factors of the corresponding

elements. Spectra click here were fitted without placing constraints using multiple Voigt profiles. The width at half maximum (FWHM) varied between 1.6 and 2.0 eV and the accuracy of the peak positions was ±0.1 eV. In the present analysis, 1 specimen from the group control (no surface treatment) and one specimen treated with one of the four experimental coatings formulations were used at the higher concentration. The effect of the two methods used for specimen fabrication on surface roughness was analyzed statistically by the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare roughness among groups within each specimen fabrication method. The surface free energy values were analyzed statistically

by the three-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The metabolic activity differences (XTT assay) between the specimens pre-treated or untreated with saliva within each group were analyzed by the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test. Since no statistically significant difference was found, the 18 values obtained for each group (pre-treated or untreated with saliva) were grouped and Methamphetamine used for group comparisons using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test. A significance level of 5% was used for all analyses. Table 1 shows that the mean roughness values obtained for specimens fabricated between glass plates (smooth surfaces) were lower than 0.23 μm, while for those specimens fabricated in contact with the stone (rough surfaces), the values were significantly different (p < 0.05) (higher than 1.73 μm). Within each specimen fabrication method, there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in surface roughness among the groups. The surface free energy (polar and dispersive components) mean values and standard deviations for control and experimental groups are presented in Table 2.

This is most probably due to the convergence of two oppositely directed longshore sediment fluxes. Recently, joint Polish–Russian investigations have been carried out with the aim of identifying this convergence region. Extensive studies have shown that the convergence

point for the hydrodynamic conditions of the mean statistical year is located near the base of the Vistula Spit6. It EPZ015666 datasheet is worth noting that an artificial channel across the Vistula Spit is planned at the nearby village of Skowronki 3 km to the east (KM 23.3) (see Figure 1 for the location of this study site). A simplified geological transect of the coastal zone at Skowronki is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 implies the existence of very large amounts of sandy (Holocene) sediments accumulated in the coastal zone. The nearshore sandy layer (1) is ca 20 m thick and extends a long way offshore. It is worth noting that to some extent Roscovitine cell line the Pleistocene substratum also consists of sandy sediments. These

sediments and the Holocene sands may well be of similar grain sizes. Therefore, one should be aware of the fact that the results of any seismo-acoustic measurements for determining the thickness of the Holocene layer may be ambiguous. As pointed out by Frankowski et al. (2009), difficulties in the interpretation of seismo-acoustic field data, despite ongoing significant progress in surveying techniques and devices, incline (or rather force) geologists and engineers to apply also other, more direct, investigative methods, e.g. the collection and analysis of sediment core samples. This issue will be discussed in the next section of the paper. The shores of the western part of the Gulf of Gdańsk are at most accumulative, with huge amounts of quartz sand in layers of a considerable thickness. At Sopot, for instance (see Mojski

1979), drillings carried out near the beach by the Polish Geological Institute revealed a 40 m thick surface layer of medium-grained sand with small amounts of silt admixtures. These sediments are Quaternary deposits, overlying older (Neogene) formations of various types (loam, sand). We have not managed to unearth any data which could distinguish the Pleistocene and Holocene layers in these Quaternary sands. This is Liothyronine Sodium a further argument warning of the ambiguity of geological survey results, possibly to be used in practical coastal engineering applications, and of the uncertainty of conclusions drawn from them. The coast at Lubiatowo is a characteristic segment of the ‘open’ sea shore (see Figure 1 for its location), with a significant area of the coastal zone covered by aeolian deposits (beaches and dunes). According to Uścinowicz et al. (2007), beach-type and spit-type sands are found on the emerged part of the shore, the thickness of this layer being 3–5 m. On the shoreface, these sands extend back some 70–80 m from the shoreline, where they overlap marine sediments.

Three annotated genes (LOC_Os02g47280, LOC_Os02g47290 and LOC_Os02g47300) were identified within the critical 33.2-kb genomic region of Nipponbare (japonica) genome (http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/). LOC_Os02g47290 and LOC_Os02g47300 encoded hypothetical

selleck proteins with no gene ontology annotation; thus those two genes might have no or marginal direct relevance to the grain shape development according to their putative functions. The LOC_Os02g47280 encodes a growth-regulating factor protein, which belongs to the GRF family of proteins consisting of twelve members. The protein of LOC_Os02g47280 has two putative alternative splice forms, and both contain a WRC domain and a QLQ domain. Interestingly, the protein of LOC_Os02g47280 shares homology with a protein in Brachypodium, Zea mays L., Populus L. and Sorghum vulgare Pers.

(http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/). The WRC domain contains a putative nuclear localization signal and a zinc-finger motif (C3H). The WRC domain was suggested to be involved in DNA binding while QLQ domain was shown to affect protein–protein interactions [17]. Recently it was demonstrated that LOC_Os02g47280 is down-regulated by miR396 during grain development in rice [18]. Therefore, LOC_Os02g47280 should be considered the most likely candidate for GS2. We are currently investigating NVP-BKM120 mw a genetic complementation of the candidate gene by transformation and other functional analyses. To date, more than 40 QTLs related to grain shape and yield have been primarily mapped on chromosome 2 of rice (http://www.gramene.org/). Some of these are located Fluorometholone Acetate in the proximity of GS2. For example, the QTL qGL-2a,

which affects grain length, was mapped in an interval between the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker C560 and C1408, accounting for 11.7% of total phenotypic variations [19]. Another QTL qGL-2 responsible for grain length was detected between the RFLP marker C601and R3393 using chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) populations across eight environments [20]. Of note, the QTL associated with grain number, gpl2.1, was detected at the end of the long arm of chromosome 2 using an IR64/O. rufipogon BC2F2 population [21]. However the QTL gpl2.1 explained only 4.8% of phenotypic variations. In addition, four QTLs controlling grain shape and yield have been cloned on chromosome 2: qGY2–1 [22], GW2 [6], LP [23] and PGL2 [24]. Precisely, GW2, a major QTL of grain width and weight, was mapped to a 8.2-kb interval flanked by markers W024 and W004 with a set of near-isogenic lines (NILs, BC2F2/BC3F2/BC3F4) developed from a sub-specific cross of the japonica cultivar Wy3 and indica cultivar FAZ1 [6]. The LARGER PANICLE (LP) gene encodes a Kelch repeat-containing F-box protein and plays an important role in regulating plant architecture, particularly panicle architecture.

Similarly, there are no locally based domestic or foreign longline vessels find more fishing in the EEZ around the Northern Mariana Islands (WPRFMC, 2005). Is this a common pattern among the newly established large MPAs? In this line, we examined human population within a 10 km buffer for the top ten MPAs (Fig. 1). Not surprisingly, average population was only 5,038! This average is heavilly loaded by Galapagos Marine Reserve (Ecuador) and Great Barrier Reef National Park (Australia), both with over 25,000 people, with the remaining MPAs showing very low population (>2000). Probably not coincidentally, most of these very large MPAs were only recently proposed, perhaps

due to increasing public pressure, and received unprecedented media coverage. While these protected areas may not satisfy a more rigorous and global biological goal, they are still protected, which is better than the alternative. Undoubtedly, conservation and recovery of the marine biodiversity within these areas is very important, but the question remains whether protected areas in high seas really conserve the varied marine habitats and biodiversity of any given country? We understand why it is easier to propose larger MPAs in places with small populations or even unpopulated, but these should not be learn more considered

panaceas to accomplish the goals of marine conservation that are the responsibilities of the countries. Additionally, this strategy does not assure marine conservation in the areas in which the majority of the population lives. Not surprisingly, a global analysis has demonstrated that a index measuring the health of coupled human–ocean systems shows better performance in some regions, such as the low-population density regions (e.g., Jarvis Island and the Seychelles) and in a few developed countries (e.g., Germany). On the other hand,

and also not surprisingly, densely populated areas in developing countries (e.g., along the tropical west and east coasts of Africa) have the worst performance ( Halpern et al., 2012). The difficulty of this problem is shown by the examples of regions that should be conserved, but in which the establishment of MPAs is complex. For instance, today, the Brazilian continental shelf is very important Palbociclib mouse economically because of pre-salt oil. Brazil’s protected marine areas are ca. 1.5% of the Economic Exclusive Zone, and almost 9% of marine conservation priority areas have already been conceded to oil companies for offshore exploration (Greenpeace, 2010 and Scarano et al., 2012) and the highly populated coastal areas in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro include the majority of the national oil reservoirs. We note that, curiously, while the threats posed by the new Brazilian forest code have received a lot of international attention, the potential impacts of the exploitation of marine resources are relatively ignored.

Although the Lesnoy eddy occurs frequently and is variable in its location, form and size, it is not strictly attributed to any form of the coastline off the base of the Curonian Spit, where the coastline changes direction from W-E to a SW-NE. The Lesnoy eddy does not form an obvious vortex signature on satellite images, and although vortex-like structures (mostly in form of a hook) in this area can be identified on MODIS images, even if this is relatively rare. The stability of the Lesnoy eddy in time and its influence on coastal processes should be further investigated. The Lesnoy eddy as

well as sub-mesoscale eddies near the central part of the Curonian Spit have different properties and dimensions Dinaciclib research buy in every CDK inhibitor case, and it is probable that the satellite imagery used here has only provided snapshots of the development of coastal eddies of different origins. The authors express their thanks to LUKOIL AB, which financed monitoring activities in the area of D6 Oil Field Marine Platform (Dr V. V. Sivkov – coordinator), the CODAR measurements off the northern shore of the Sambian Peninsula (carried out by V. V. Gorbatskiy, A. N. Babakov, E.S. Gurova over 2 years), and the meteorological measurements at platform

D6 (processed by Zh. I. Stont). Detailed analysis of meteorological conditions was possible only due to the kind input from Dr A. Lehmann, who shared the results of BSIOM model. The authors thank NASA for free open access to MODIS data, and ESA (via project C1P-3424, with personal thanks to A. Yu. Ivanov) for providing ASAR satellite imagery for this research. The preparation of this paper was

partly supported by grants No. 11-05-00674 and 12-05-90807-mol_rf_nr of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The authors are very grateful to the reviewers for their valuable comments, and to Dr Margaret Carlisle for the language corrections: their inputs improved the quality of the manuscript a lot. “
“Optical shallowness implies that the water-leaving unless radiance Lwn of a basin depends both on the optical properties of the water body and on the light backscattered from its bed and/or from bottom sediments resuspended by bottom currents. The latter factors hamper the retrieval of chlorophyll from Lwn measured in shallow basins but they can be useful for the remote sensing of near-bottom water flows ( Karabashev et al. 2009). The thickness of the layer from which radiance originates equation(1) Zor(λ)=1/Kd(λ),Zorλ=1/Kdλ, where Kd(λ) is the coefficient of daylight attenuation in water at a wavelength λ ( Gordon & McCluney 1975). Kd at λ = 470 nm ranges from 0.02 m− 1 in oligotrophic waters to 1 m− 1 or higher in ultra-eutrophic ocean areas or inland seas. Hence, an optically shallow aquatic area can be as deep as 50 m.

Again, the www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html hypocrisy is stunning because all cetaceans are protected in American waters. In a COMMENT article in The Sunday Times on 6 January 2013, India Knight

praised the new BBC wildlife series ‘Africa’ with a commentary by Sir David Attenborough FRS. But, being a supporter of the Zoological Society of London and Regent’s Park Zoo, which she visits regularly with her kids, Knight concluded her article with the view that although in this age of greater natural enlightenment it might be acceptable for such institutions to display the likes of butterflies and other insects, possibly any and all reptiles, fishes and even small birds and mammals; but birds of prey sitting in Victorian cages flying only from branch to branch, gorilla’s rocking back

DAPT in vivo and forth, blankly staring into space, and lions and tigers endlessly pacing up and down tiny enclosures are not indicative of fulfilled lives. She concluded that the great man might do more to help these creatures instead of, albeit enlightening us, showing them variously flying high, rampaging free and roaming wild in some remote wilderness. Performing elephants, bears and motley other creatures have disappeared from modern circuses, at least in Great Britain. And zoos have largely moved away from large captive animals, chimpanzee’s tea parties, and camel and elephant rides. How much more imperative is it, therefore, for the world’s dolphinaria and sea world’s to join the 21st century and put a stop to fin-clapping, ball-balancing, sea lions, aquariumised beluga’s and demeaning dolphin Org 27569 and killer whale shows. And by demeaning, I mean of us not the deracinated, institutionalised, oceanic creatures that suffer lifetimes of unbelievable cruelty and captivity for our casual amusement. “
“When the Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989,

it unleashed not only the largest spill of oil into American waters (at the time), but also protracted legal disputes regarding Exxon’s (and its successor Exxon Mobil’s) liability for damages to natural resources. Both as part of and apart from these legal disputes, studies were initiated to assess immediate damages as well as longer-term effects. Few scientists then would have imagined that their studies would still be ongoing more than 20 years after the spill. No species affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) attracted more public or scientific attention than the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). The sea otter became, in effect, the “poster species” of this spill: photos of moribund oiled otters hauled out on beaches or collected in boats appeared in many popular magazines and government reports ( Batten, 1990). Rice et al. (2007, p.

5; SPSS, Chicago, IL). Data are presented as mean ± SD. All variables were normally distributed according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to determine the relationships between the dependent variables (a) urinary Ca excretion and (b) erythrocyte Mg, and the corresponding sets of independent variables, namely, (a) age, household income, number of pregnancies, BMI, CTX, Ca and Mg intakes, urinary Mg excretion, plasma Mg, and erythrocyte Mg, and (b) age, household income, number of pregnancies, BMI, CTX, Ca intake, urinary Ca excretion, Mg intake, urinary Mg excretion and plasma Mg. Urinary Ca excretion was chosen for regression analysis because

the variable CTX did not show any dependence on the selleck chemicals llc other studied parameters. Erythrocyte Mg was chosen since it may reflect Mg status over a longer period. The initial models included

all of the independent variables, and stepwise selection was employed subsequently in order to add or remove variables. The final models retained only those variables that maintained an association with the dependent variables at lower than 5% level of significance. Data of the multiple linear regression analyses are presented as unstandardized regression coefficient (B), SE, 95% confidence interval (CI), and coefficient of determination (R2). The baseline characteristics Epacadostat molecular weight of the study population are shown in Table 1. The mean age of the participants was 28.1 ± 5.9 years, the average gestational age was 29.9 ± 3.8 weeks, and 56% of the participants were primiparous. Most women (88%)

had middle or high school education and their average household income was 5.0 ± 2.1 times the minimum Brazilian salary (equivalent to US $296.50 at the time of the study). Fifty-two percent of the participants were overweight or obese according to BMI values. The mean dietary Ca intake of the study population was 613.80 mg/d. Most subjects (58%) presented probabilities of Ca intake below the 15th percentile, although that of one participant was above the 85th percentile. All subjects had Mg intake levels (180.50 mg/d) that were lower than the EAR. Ninety-eight percent of the study population had probabilities of Mg intake lower than the 15th percentile (Fig. 1 and Table 2). All participants showed plasma selleck chemical CTX values within the reference interval. Fifty two percent of the subjects exhibited hypercalciuria, while 40% presented hypomagnesuria. Plasma Mg and erythrocyte Mg levels were generally normal, although one participant showed a reduced level of erythrocyte Mg (Table 2). Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses revealed significant positive relationships among urinary Ca excretion, Ca intake (B = 0.009; 95% CI = 0.003-0.015; P = 0.002) and urinary Mg excretion (B = 1.428; 95% CI = 0.919-1.937; P < .001), and between erythrocyte Mg and Mg intake (B = 0.008; 95% CI = 0.001-0.014; P = .023). The final models showed that Ca intake and urinary Mg excretion explained 51.