Finally, we dichotomized our SEP measure to manual/non-manual categories to ease construction of a long-term SEP measure. While dichotomizing the RGSC measure is a common and validated procedure, the meaning of social class (and the binary distinction) has become less relevant over time in the UK (with the increase in non-manual

service sector jobs such as call centers, for example). In summary, we have found evidence that material conditions, as well as smoking, are important mediators in the pathway between lower SEP and higher allostatic load. This is an important step in better understanding the pathways and mechanisms linking SEP, physiology and health. All authors declare that there are no conflicts Ipilimumab cost of interest. “
“The relationship between inflammation and depression in humans and in animal models is well-established. Individuals receiving immunotherapies have a higher buy Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library incidence of depressive symptoms (Capuron and Miller, 2011). Patients with major depressive disorders have higher levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines than healthy controls (Maes, 2011). Likewise, depressive phenotypes were observed in response to bacterial challenge (Brydon et al., 2008). These associations suggested that inflammation may result in depressive symptomatology mediated by neuroimmune mechanisms. Designed experiments using animal models

are offering insights into the relationship between Thymidine kinase infection, inflammation, and depression-like indicators.

Mice injected live attenuated Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) displayed high circulatory pro-inflammatory cytokines and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. These mice exhibited sickness behaviors encompassing reduction in body weight and locomotor activity from Day 5 to Day 7. Likewise, challenged mice demonstrated depressive-like behaviors including lower mobility in the tail suspension test and in the Porsolt forced swim test, and lower sucrose intake in the sucrose preference test from Day 7 to Day 30 after treatment (Moreau et al., 2008 and O’Connor et al., 2009). In addition, substantial mouse-to-mouse variation in response to BCG treatment was reported, including up to 30% of treated mice failing to exhibit adverse mobility effects (Platt et al., 2013). Reductionist approaches based on the analysis of individual components have dominated the study of complex behavioral responses to infection. However, these reductionist approaches could have hindered the identification and characterization of systemic responses across multiple and typically correlated behaviors. Six studies reported associations between BCG-treatment and sickness and depression-like behaviors in mice (Moreau et al., 2008, O’Connor et al., 2009, Kelley et al., 2013, Painsipp et al., 2013, Platt et al., 2013 and Vijaya et al., 2014). In these studies, behavioral indicators were analyzed separately.

22 Perforations are especially difficult Stem Cell Compound Library cell line to close in scarred mucosa. Braided or spiral snares may be used, which have an additional spiral wire around the main snare cable, to improve gripping (spiral snare 20 mm, SnareMaster, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). An alternative is the flat band or ribbon snare (flat ribbon snare 22 m, Resection Master, Medwork, Höchstadt, Germany). This snare comprises a flat band of metal to make the snare loop with the edge of the band orientated vertically to the mucosa. An alternative is to use a smaller braided snare to resect small

pieces at a time, reducing the risk that too much mucosa is gathered with associated muscle, as one might do for a scarred lesion in noncolitic colons (Fig. 5). A final option is the use of a double-channel

endoscope using a grasper to pull the mucosa into a snare, which is in the other channel. Although this technique guarantees the ability to grip the mucosa, the risk of perforation is significantly magnified, and experience and extreme care are needed. Owing to the scarring in colitis, the nature of resection of colitic lesions often entails piecemeal resection. Every attempt should be made to endoscopically resect any visible part of the lesion. However, piecemeal resection coupled with significant scaring may result in fragments or islands of dysplasia left at the resection site. Such areas need to be definitively but Onalespib chemical structure safely destroyed. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) has been commonly used for this with some evidence from the EMR literature that it is effective in reducing recurrence.23 (Many EMR experts suggest that the need for this in noncolitic colons is now unnecessary because the EMR technique has improved; however, older, less-comprehensive EMR to some extent mimics the results in colitis so the two may be comparable.) Precise use of short pulses of APC is effective even for larger areas. Further attempts at injection before use of APC may allow the so-called melt effect seen with the AMP deaminase use of APC for dysplasia ablation

in the duodenum.24 For small fragments, the use of the tip of the snare with soft coagulation allows effective ablation without overdelivery of energy and risks of a deep mucosal burn. Ultimately, the optimum is en bloc R0 snare or ESD resection with pathologic assessment of resected tissue. Ablation should be minimized. After resection, which should be as complete as possible at the first attempt, careful examination of the scar should be performed at between 2 and 6 months postresection, as well as pancolonic dye-spray of the whole colon to look for metachronous lesions. The use of dye-spray and advanced imaging on the scar can be helpful here to try and detect tiny areas of recurrence. Scar biopsy should be performed even if there is no recurrence.

The data of Figs. 3(A and B) and 4(A–C) and the effect of the respective classical inhibitors (vs. control) were analyzed by Student’s t Test. Linear regression analysis was performed in order to evaluate the concentration

dependence effect of organochalcogens on mitochondrial complexes. A p < 0.05 value was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis indicated that Ebs, (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 significantly inhibited complex I activity from liver and kidney mitochondria (Fig. 1A and B, respectively). The inhibitory effect was concentration dependent in liver membranes, as revealed by the linear regression analysis (p < 0.05 for all studied organochalcogens). Ebs-induced complex I inhibition was statistically significant from 5 μM onwards, while both (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 caused mitochondrial complex I inhibition from 10 μM onwards ( Fig. 1A and B). The IC50 (μM) values for inhibition by organochalcogens Nintedanib in vitro of mitochondrial complex I activity are showed in Ipatasertib Table 1. Rotenone (100 μM), a classical complex I inhibitor, caused a significant inhibition of the mitochondrial complex I activity

( Fig. 1A–B). Fig. 2 shows that Ebs significantly inhibited the complexes I–III activity from liver mitochondrial membranes from 10 μM onwards, with maximal effect at 50 μM (Fig. 2A). The inhibitory effect of Ebs on renal mitochondrial complexes I–III activity was statistically evident only at 50 μM (Fig. 2B). (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 did not change the mitochondrial complexes I–III activity from liver (Fig. 2A) or kidney (Fig. 2B). The IC50 (μM) values for inhibition by organochalcogens of mitochondrial complexes

I–III activity are showed in Table 1. In order to better understand the inhibitory effect of different organochalcogens in mitochondrial complexes I–III activity, we carried out experiments using two different conditions. In brief, in the condition 1 the membranes were pre-incubated with the organocompounds (at different concentrations) in the presence of NADH and the reaction was started with cytochrome c3. In the condition 2, the mitochondrial membranes were pre-incubated with different concentrations of oganocompounds and cytochome Cell press c3, and the reaction was started by NADH. Under condition 1, Ebs (5 μM) significantly inhibited complexes I–III activity from liver (Fig. 3A), without affecting renal complexes I–III activity (Fig. 3C). (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 did not inhibit the mitochondrial complexes I–III activity from liver or kidney (Fig. 3A and B, respectively). However, under condition 2 Ebs, (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 (5 μM) significantly inhibited complexes I–III activity from liver (Fig. 3A) and kidney membranes (Fig. 3B). Rotenone (100 μM) caused a significant inhibition of the mitochondrial complexes I–III activity that varied from 30% to 70% (Fig. 3A–B).

6 ms) is the total magnetization transfer time in the HMQC [36]. Generally, PRE effects are measured with paramagnetic centers showing predominant Solomon relaxation, such as nitroxide radicals and Mn2+. The distance between the electron spin and the nucleus is estimated using a modified version of the Solomon–Bloembergen equation [37] ( Fig. 3). Excellent

reviews of paramagnetic NMR can be found in [38] and [39]. In RNP complexes paramagnetic tags can be attached at specific positions on one of the protein components: quantification of the PRE effects on the see more methyl and amide groups of the other proteins and on the base resonances of the RNA yields intermolecular distance restraints. The most common strategy for paramagnetic tagging of proteins uses single cysteine residues, which can be easily reacted with a thiol-containing compound. In this way specific positions along the protein chain can be coupled with synthetic metal chelating agents (for example based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA) or chemical radicals [40]. The most commonly used radical for coupling to the cysteine thiol group is the (3-(2-iodoacetamido)-2,2,5,5,tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy radical). Single cysteines can be engineered

in each protein of the complex one-by-one GDC-0973 order at different positions, so as to obtain a complete network of intermolecular mafosfamide distances (Fig. 3). The drawback of this technique is that the protein to be paramagnetically tagged must not contain any accessible native cysteine, which might limit

the applicability of the method or require more sophisticated tagging strategies. For RNA molecules site-selective spin-labelling strategies can be performed either during chemical synthesis or post-synthetic [41]. Post-synthetic labelling allows introduction of radicals at the phosphodiester backbone, via coupling with a thiophosphate, at the C2, C4 and C5 positions of uridines, at the C5 position of cytidines and at the C2 position of adenosines [42]. The nucleotide to be coupled with the spin-label must uniquely carry a chemical modification that is capable of reacting with the spin label. As for proteins, care must be taken that the spin-label does not perturb the structure of the RNA while, at the same time, the linker should be as rigid as possible to avoid averaging of the structural information through excessive spin-label dynamics. For long RNAs, which cannot be obtained by chemical synthesis, the single-site modification must be engineered in a shorter fragment, which is then combined with other fragments by enzymatic ligation to lead the complete RNA. This procedure can be cumbersome and yields only small amounts of RNA.

Within each province surveys were stratified by three classes of accessibility to the nearest urban centre (i) within town boundaries; (ii) can PD0325901 cell line access town daily; (iii) access town less than daily and by proximity to the sea; (i) coastal (settlement borders the sea) and (ii) inland (settlement does not have direct access to the sea). None of the inland communities was further than 3.5 km from the sea. Settlements were selected based on fisheries officers’ knowledge of places that fished tilapia from local waterways. This resulted in a design that was balanced in terms of location (inland/coastal) and island, but there were no settlements in the

Auki group ‘access town less than daily’ (Table 1). Survey questions sought information on the general demographic circumstance of households, livelihood strategies (on-farm and off-farm activities), household income, consumer preference and level of consumption and affordability of meat and fish, familiarity with, access to and perception of tilapia, see more and familiarity with and perception of fish farming. Questionnaires were conducted by WorldFish-Solomon Islands staff, MFMR staff and Malaita Provincial Government fisheries officers. The questionnaire was written in English then tested and

modified by local researchers fluent in English and Pidgin to clarify any ambiguities. Interviews were conducted in Pidgin. If necessary, translation to local language was assisted by a village volunteer. Trained project staff completed the fieldwork between 28 June and 21 July 2010. One hundred and seventy eight households Nitroxoline participated in the survey, representing on average (for those settlements

where census population estimates are available) 23% and 36% of households in the target settlements near Honiara and Auki, respectively. Households were selected based on the community leaders’ knowledge of which people had, or had at any time in the past, a household pond, and/or fished tilapia from local waterways. If community leaders indicated that this applied to most people then a subset of 10 households was selected. In each selected household, the male household head or his wife was interviewed or, if both were absent, the eldest member of the household present was involved. Effort was made to interview a similar number of men and women (Table 1). Interviews were conducted during the day or night to fit with the community’s livelihood activities and typically took from 30 to 50 min to complete. Data collected from questionnaires were categorised and entered into Microsoft Excel for graphing. Data on household consumption patterns of fish and meat products were analysed using SigmaStat V. 3.5 (www.systat.com). None of the variables was normally distributed and only income was able to be transformed to normality (as ln(income+1)).

Rates of oxygen uptake were computed from the slopes of the recorder tracings and expressed as nmol min− 1 (mg protein)− 1. The respiratory control ratio (RC) and the ADP/O ratio were calculated according to Chance and Williams (1955). Protein content of the mitochondrial suspensions was measured by the method described by Lowry et al. (1951), check details using the folin-phenol reagent and bovine serum albumin as standard. The mitochondrial ATPase activity was measured

in intact (coupled and uncoupled) and in freeze-thawing disrupted mitochondria according to the protocol of Bracht et al. (2003) with modifications. Intact mitochondria (1.0 mg protein/mL) were incubated in a medium containing 0.2 M sucrose, 50 mM KCl, and 10 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.4) plus 0.2 mM EGTA and 5.0 mM ATP for 20 min, at 37 °C, in the absence (coupled) and presence (uncoupled) of 0.2 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), in a final volume of 0.5 mL. When disrupted mitochondria were used as enzyme source, the medium contained 20 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.4). The reaction was started by the addition of 5 mM ATP and stopped

by the addition of ice-cold 5% trichloroacetic acid. ATPase activity was evaluated by measuring the released inorganic phosphate as described by Fiske and Subbarow (1925) at 700 nm. Freeze-thawing-disrupted mitochondria were used as enzyme source for assaying NADH and succinate oxidases. The activity of the enzymes was measured polarographically using a 20 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.4) medium. The reaction was started by the addition of substrates, 1 mM NADH and 1 mM succinate, for NADH oxidase and succinate oxidase, respectively. For the determination of alanine aminotransferase Selleck Ibrutinib (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) the livers were surgically removed from anesthetized rats and homogenized in a Dounce type homogenizer. STK38 The resulting homogenate was centrifuged at 105,000 g for 30 min. The supernatant of this centrifugation was used as enzyme source. Standard commercial Kits (Gold Analisa Diagnóstica Ltda®, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) were used for AST and ALT determination. Juglone was added directly to the reaction medium at the desired concentrations. The error parameters presented in

graphs and tables are standard errors of the means. Statistical analysis was performed by means of the GraphPad Prism Software (version 5.0). Variance analysis was done with post-hoc Student-Newman–Keuls testing. The 5% level (p < 0.05) was adopted as a criterion of significance. The first experiments were planned for testing possible effects of juglone on glycogen catabolism and glycolysis. Livers from fed rats when perfused with substrate-free medium survive at the expense of glycogen degradation via glycolysis and oxidation of endogenous fatty acids (Scholz and Bücher, 1965). Under these conditions the livers release glucose, lactate and pyruvate as a result of glycogen catabolism. Fig. 2A illustrates the responses of perfused livers to juglone infusion at the concentration of 50 μM.

, 2005) (n = 100) studied repairable non-traumatic full-thickness Bateman types 1 or 3 tears of the rotator cuff (i.e.1–5 cm). In this trial, an open RCR with non-absorbable braided No.3 Ethibond using modified Mason Allen sutures was compared to an open RCR with 1.0 mm absorbable polydioxane cord using modified Kessler sutures. No significant differences were found on the outcome rated as ‘good or excellent’ at 2-years follow-up. Also, no differences were found between the groups for re-tear of the rotator cuff on sonography and the Constant score >75. Another low-quality study (Gartsman and O’Connor, 2004) (n = 93) studied arthroscopic RCR with and without subacromial decompression

Bcl-2 inhibitor with an isolated repairable or a full-thickness supraspinatus tear. No differences between the groups on the American Shoulder and Elbow Score (ASES) were found at 12-months follow-up. Eight recent RCTs on surgery were found. A high-quality study (Milano et al., 2007) (n = 80) studied arthroscopic RCR with and without subacromial decompression. Similar to the results reported by Gartsman and O’Connor (2004), no significant differences between the groups were reported on the Constant score or the DASH score at 2-years follow-up. Another high-quality study (Mohtadi et al.,

2008) compared open to arthroscopic Ku-0059436 order acromioplasty with mini-open RCR in 62 patients with a full-thickness RotCuffTear. No significant differences between the groups were found at 3 and 6-months and 1 and 2-years follow-up on the ASES score, the Shoulder Rating Questionnaire (SRQ), or the Rotator Cuff-Quality of Life (RC-QOL) measure. A low-quality study (Grasso et al., 2009) studied Chlormezanone the effectiveness of arthroscopic full-thickness RCR with single-row versus double-row anchors in 80 patients. At follow-up (24.8 (1.4) mean (sd) months) no significant differences between the groups were found on the Constant Score, strength or the DASH. Another low-quality study (Franceschi

et al., 2007) (n = 60) also compared the effectiveness of arthroscopic single-row to double-row suture anchor repair of a full-thickness RotCuffTear. At 2-years follow-up no significant differences on the UCLA scores, rates of healing or MRI arthrography were found. A third high-quality study (Burks et al., 2009) (n = 40) that compared the effectiveness of single-row versus double-row anchors in full-thickness arthroscopic RCR did not find significant results between the groups either on the Constant Score, ASES, UCLA and strength 1 year after surgery. A high-quality study (Bigoni et al., 2009) (n = 50) studied side-to-side with permanent sutures (SS) versus tendon-to-bone fixation with 1 metal suture anchor loaded with double sutures (TB) in arthroscopic full-thickness supraspinatus tear repair. From the study it is not clear whether or not significant results on the Constant score and internal and external rotator peak torque were found at 3- and 6-months follow up.

Definitions of recurrence and toxicity categories, and follow-up visit windows, were Veliparib in vivo provided by the ASBrS and its independent scientific advisory committee to BSI. Management and analysis of the data at BSI occurs only through in-depth discussions between statisticians at BSI and the ASBrS. For the purposes of this analysis, negative margins were defined as greater than or equal to 2 mm between all inked margins and the tumor. Close margins were defined as less than 2 mm of space to an inked margin, and positive margins were defined as “tumor on ink” (focal or otherwise).

No central pathology was performed and margin classifications were based on reporting from the treating institution. An IBTR was defined as the reappearance of breast cancer in the treated breast before development of a distant metastasis and was required to be confirmed pathologically (12). A true recurrence/marginal miss (TR/MM) was defined as a recurrence of the treated cancer within or immediately adjacent to the primary tumor site. An elsewhere failure (EF) was defined as an IBTR several centimeters from the primary site. Investigators were also asked to classify regional failures as axillary, supraclavicular, or internal mammary in location. Overall survival CH5424802 in vitro in this

study reflected all deaths, cancer related or otherwise, whereas cause-specific survival was based on deaths attributed only to breast cancer. For this analysis, follow-up was complete by December 2011. All time intervals were calculated from the date of MammoSite RT system explantation. Differences in clinical, pathologic, and treatment-related variables among negative-margin and close-margin, positive-margin,

and close/positive-margin patients were performed via the pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum test and pairwise χ2 tests. Differences in clinical outcomes were analyzed using the log-rank test. Kaplan–Meier Decitabine datasheet tests were used to calculate clinical outcomes. Univariate analysis of IBTR was performed for negative-margin and close/positive-margin patients; within each group, the analysis was repeated for invasive and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cases separately. All tests were two sided and declared statistically significant if the p-value was less than or equal to 0.05. Version 8.0 or higher of the SAS (Cary, NC) statistical software package was used to provide all statistical analyses. A total of 1440 patients with 1449 treated breasts were analyzed including 1326 (91.5%) with negative margins, 110 (7.6%) with close margins, and 13 (0.9%) with positive margins. Median follow-up was 58.5 months for margin-negative patients, 64.5 months for women with close margins, and 63.1 months for women with positive margins.

84χ2>3.84 (the critical value at the α=.05α=.05 level). Selleck Enzalutamide As displayed in Fig. 1, the exploratory analysis identified four potential effects: Word surprisal seems to predict the amplitude of N400 and, to a much lesser extent, LAN;

Word entropy reduction may explain EPNP and, to a much lesser extent, PNP. There are no potential effects of the PoS information measures (see the supplementary materials for all exploratory results). Of the four potential effects, only the N400 survives in the Confirmatory Data (see Fig. 2). All model types reach χ2>11χ2>11 for this component, which corresponds to p<.001p<.001. Hence, we have reliable evidence for an effect of word surprisal on the N400 but selleck chemicals not for any other relation between word (or PoS) information and any ERP component. Having established that a word surprisal effect occurs in both the Exploratory and Confirmatory Data sets, we now take the full set of data to investigate whether the effect can indeed be considered an N400. To this aim, Fig. 3 plots average ERP wave forms at each electrode, separately for words with low (bottom third) and high (top third)

word surprisal as estimated by the 4-gram model because this model showed the strongest overall effect on the N400 (see Fig. 4). The high-surprisal words result in a more negative deflection than the low-surprisal words, in particular within the 300–500 ms time window and at central sites, Baricitinib as is typical for the N400. Hence, word surprisal indeed affects N400 amplitude. The corresponding regression coefficient ranges from -0.17-0.17 (for the n  -gram model) to -0.22-0.22 (for RNN), which is to say that one standard deviation increase in surprisal corresponds to an average increase in N400 amplitude of between 0.17 and 0.22 μV. Because nearly all studies that find N400 effects are concerned with content words only, it is of interest to perform separate analyses

for content (i.e., open-class) and function (closed-class) words, constituting 53.2% and 46.8% of the data, respectively. A word’s class was determined from its PoS tag, where nouns, verbs (including modal verbs), adjectives, and adverbs were considered content words, and all others were function words. As can be seen in Fig. 4, there is no reliable N400 effect on function words. Nevertheless, the effect is generally weaker when only content words (as opposed to all words) are included. Most likely, this is because function words on average have lower surprisal and elicit a smaller N400 than content words. In other words, part of the effect over all words is due to the difference between content and function words. Table 2 shows results of pairwise comparisons between the best models of each type, that is, those whose word surprisal estimates fit the N400 amplitude best (for a fair comparison with the RNN and PSG models, n-gram models trained on the full BNC were not included).

Der Kupfer-UL-Wert für Erwachsene beiderlei Geschlechts liegt bei 10 mg/Tag, während der Schwangerschaft und der OSI-906 purchase Stillzeit variiert er (8-10 mg/Tag), bei Jugendlichen wurde er auf 8 mg/Tag festgesetzt und bei Kindern beträgt er 1-3 mg/Tag. Da keine

Studiendaten zur Sicherheit von Kupfer während des ersten Lebensjahres vorliegen, wurde auf der Grundlage der Kupfermenge, die Säuglinge normalerweise über die Muttermilch erhalten, eine Schätzung vorgenommen [127]. Daten aus den letzten zehn Jahren weisen darauf hin, dass über den UL-Wert für Kupfer diskutiert werden muss. In den Tabelle 2 and Tabelle 3 sind acht Studien an Menschen und nicht-menschlichen Primaten zusammengefasst, bei denen mögliche toxische Effekte von Kupfer untersucht wurden. Bei diesen Studien lagen sowohl die Dosen als auch die Expositionszeiten unterhalb der Obergrenzen, die als sicher für die Aufnahme durch den Menschen gelten, d. h. unterhalb des derzeit gültigen UL-Werts von 10 mg/Tag, oder sie U0126 order repräsentierten Dosen, die u. U. zur Supplementierung von Risikogruppen eingesetzt werden könnten. In den Studien wurden die Grenzwerte der Exposition untersucht, bei denen frühe gesundheitsschädliche Effekte nachgewiesen werden können. Keine der angewandten Dosen oder Regime induzierten signifikante Funktionsänderungen, die sich anhand der Blutchemie, der Leberfunktion oder Indikatoren

für oxidativen Stress hätten nachweisen lassen. Dieser Befund zeigt, dass der Dosisbereich, innerhalb dessen die ersten negativen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen zu beobachten sind, über den Dosen und Expositionszeiten liegt, die in den zitierten Studien angewandt wurden [14], [15], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143] and [144]. Die in den Tabelle 2 and Tabelle 3 zusammengefassten Daten scheinen anzudeuten, dass der aktuelle, als UL festgelegte Wert von 10 mg Kupfer pro Tag u. U. nicht hoch genug ist [127]. Bei einer Studie an Kapuzineraffen

wurden 3,5 bis 7 Jahre alten Tieren 3 Jahre lang 7,5 mg Cu/kg pro Tag verabreicht, was zu keinerlei Änderungen bei klinischen oder biochemischen Indikatoren oder Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 hinsichtlich der Leberhistologie führte ([143], zur Publikation eingereicht). Bei Verwendung dieser Zahlen zur Berechnung eines NOAEL wären 7,5 mg Cu/kg pro Tag äquivalent zu 487 mg Cu/Tag bei einer erwachsenen Person mit einem Körpergewicht von 65 kg. Nach Einführen eines Sicherheitsfaktors von 10 (für die Extrapolation von Tieren auf Menschen) läge der UL-Wert bei 49 mg/Tag, also 5-mal höher als der derzeit vom IOM festgelegte, gültige Wert. Berücksichtigt, man dass es sich bei dem Tiermodell um einen nicht-menschlichen Primaten handelt, dürfte der Sicherheitsfaktor sogar noch kleiner sein. Säuglinge werden allgemein als vulnerable Risikogruppe angesehen, da sich während des ersten Lebensjahres das biliäre Exkretionssystem entwickelt und weil sie in dieser Zeit höhere Mengen an Flüssigkeit zu sich nehmen als in jeder anderen Lebensspanne.