These results strongly indicate that AMPK is an essential upstream mediator that couples neuronal activity to mitochondrial energy metabolism by regulation of PGC-1 alpha-NRF-1 pathway in neurons. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cholinergic transmission through muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

(mAChRs) plays a key role in cortical oscillations. Although fast-spiking (FS), parvalbumin-expressing basket cells (BCs) are proposed to be the cellular substrates of gamma oscillations, previous studies reported that FS nonpyramidal cells in neocortical areas are unresponsive to cholinergic www.selleckchem.com/products/emricasan-idn-6556-pf-03491390.html modulation. Dentate gyrus (DG) is an independent gamma oscillator in the hippocampal formation. However, in contrast to other cortical regions, the direct impact of mAChR activation Anlotinib nmr on FS BC excitability in this area has not been investigated. Here, we show that bath-applied muscarine or carbachol, two mAChR agonists, depolarize DG BCs in the acute brain slices, leading to action potential firing in the theta-gamma bands in the presence of blockers of ionotropic glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors at physiological temperatures. The depolarizing action persists in the presence of tetrodotoxin, a voltage-gated Na+ channel blocker. In voltage-clamp recordings, muscarine markedly reduces background K+ currents. These effects are mimicked

by oxotremorine methiodide, an mAChR-specific agonist, and largely reversed by atropine, a non-selective

mAChR antagonist, or pirenzepine, an M-1 receptor antagonist, but not by gallamine, an M-2/4 receptor antagonist. Interestingly, in contrast to M-1-receptor-mediated depolarization, M-2 receptor activation by the specific agonist arecaidine but2-ynyl ester tosylate down-regulates GABA release at LY3039478 datasheet BC axons-the effect is occluded by gallamine, an M-2 receptor antagonist. Overall, muscarinic activation results in a net increase in phasic inhibitory output to the target cells. Thus, cholinergic activation through Mrlike receptor enhances BC activity and promotes the generation of nested theta and gamma rhythms, thereby enhancing hippocampal function and associated performance. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The modern cephalopod mollusks (coleoids) are considered the most behaviorally advanced invertebrate, yet little is known about the neurophysiological basis of their behaviors. Previous work suggested that the vertical lobe (VL) of cephalopods is a crucial site for the learning and memory components of these behaviors. We are therefore studying the neurophysiology of the VL in Octopus vulgaris and have discovered a robust activity-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) of the synaptic input to the VL. Moreover, we have shown that the VL and its LTP are involved in behavioral long-term memory acquisition.