Serum markers of antioxidant status such as total, reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were measured according to the procedures reported selleck below. Ten percent formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of liver samples were divided into 4-μm sections by using routine techniques and mounted onto slides with coverslips. Representative sections of each fixed sample were stained with standard hematoxylin-eosin and Sirius red/fast green according to standard protocols. All histological analyses were performed by an experienced histopathologist in a blinded manner. For the

detection and quantification of collagen, liver sections were stained with Picrosirius red solution. The extent of liver fibrosis was determined as the proportion of Picrosirius-stained area in each section. For each rat, 64 fields of a constant raster of 31 mm2 were analyzed at 100× final magnification. For semiautomated morphometry, a Sony 3CCD (model DXC-950P) videomicroscope equipped with a motor stage and the Quantimed 500MC (Leica, Germany) software were used. To detect the immunohistochemical

localization of adiponectin receptor 2 (adipo-R2), sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were deparaffinized and rehydrated in decreasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol. The detailed procedure, including antibody used Galunisertib purchase and all material specificities and provenience, is provided in the Supporting Information. Western blot analyses in tissue lysates prepared and quantified

for protein content were performed as described in the Supporting Information. Semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification of messenger RNA liver extracts was performed using the procedure and primers described in the Supporting Information. Markers of antioxidant status such as total, reduced (GSH), and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione in serum and liver samples; glutathione transferase activity in the liver; and plasma FRAP were measured according to the protocols described in the Supporting Information. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were quantified Casein kinase 1 in liver samples through the xMAP technology developed by Luminex (Austin, TX) and using a rat multiplex bead-based assay Bio-Plex Suspension Array System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Data were analyzed using Bio-Plex Manager version 3.0 (Bio-Rad Laboratories) with five parameter logistic regression algorithm curve fits. Detection limits for the cytokines were 2-32,000 pg/mL. A detailed protocol for tissue preparation is described in the Supporting Information.