Dynamic exercise caused a significant increase in red blood cell count (Standardbred trotters: P = 0.0012), haemoglobin concentration (jumping horses: P = 0.001; Standardbred trotters: P = 0.01), haematocrit percentage (Standardbred trotters: P = 0.005), neutrophil percentage (jumping horses: P = 0.0003), lymphocyte percentage (jumping horses: P = 0.0003), monocyte percentage (Standardbred JPH203 molecular weight trotters: P = 0.0008), lymphocyte beta-AR numbers (jumping horses: P = 0.01; Arabian

Endurance horses: P = 0.016; Standardbred trotters: P = 0.05), plasma adrenaline concentration (Standardbred trotters: P = 0.0001) and plasma noradrenaline levels (Standardbred trotters: P = 0.003). It is concluded that acute increases in plasma catecholamine concentrations depended on the exercise performed and may induce up-regulation of beta-AR in equine lymphocytes. However, the exact mechanism of beta-AR up-regulation still remains unclear. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Childhood obesity is a common and complex problem that may persist in adulthood. It

may present as a component of genetic syndromes associated with dysmorphic features, developmental abnormalities, mental retardation and/or learning disabilities and often neuroendocrine dysfunction. Although the chromosomal abnormalities of these rare syndromes are already known, the specific genetic and pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the distinct phenotypes and obesity still remain unclarified. New exciting genetic selleck chemical pathways contributing HDAC 抑制�?review to syndrome phenotype and leading to obesity have recently been identified. Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by loss of expression of the C/D box HBII-84 cluster of snoRNAs. Dysfunction of the primary cilium, thought to have important signalling functions, may contribute to disease phenotype and obesity in Bardet-Biedl, Alstrom and Carpenter syndromes. In this mini-review current knowledge of clinical and genetic characteristics is summarized

as well as the pathogenesis of these syndromes with special emphasis on the pathogenesis of obesity.”
“Rectal temperature measurement is an essential part of physical examination of cattle and some physiological experiments. Modern digital thermometers are often used to measure rectal temperatures by students; this study describes their reliability and appropriate use. Students measured rectal temperature on 53 occasions using their personal digital thermometer and techniques gained from previous instruction, rectal temperature was also measured by an experienced person using a Cornell mercury thermometer completely inserted in the rectum. Cornell mercury thermometers values were 38.95 +/- 0.05 degrees C (mean +/- 1 SE, n = 53). Student rectal temperature measurements using their initial technique were nearly 0.5 degrees C lower, 38.46 +/- 0.07 degrees C. After receiving instruction to insert the digital thermometer to the window, student obtained values were 38.77 +/- 0.