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“Purpose:
Extracorporeal. shock wave lithotripsy is the preferred treatment for upper urinary tract renal calculi. However, this treatment is associated with a high rate of recurrent renal calculi. Shock wave therapy can result in renal epithelial cell injury, which in turn is a most important factor in calculus formation. We investigated the influence of kidney damage secondary to shock waves on Ca oxalate crystal retention in the kidney. Materials and
Methods: AG-120 A total of 32 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, including group 1-controls, group 2-sham. treated rats given 25 ml 0.75% ethylene glycol per day for 14 days, group 3-rats given 15 kV 1Hz shock waves 500 times to the
left kidney, followed by 25 ml 0.75% ethylene glycol daily for 14 days, and group 4-rats with the same treatment as group 3 except the number of impacts was increased to 1,000. The 2 kidneys were removed at the end of the experiment. Ca oxalate crystals were observed by surgical microscopy in kidney sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Crystal morphology was determined using polarizing microscopy. Acidified kidney tissue homogenate was examined for Ca and oxalate content by colorimetry (Sigma (R)).
Results: Kidney sections showed that kidneys that did not receive shock waves had fewer crystals than kidneys with shock Idasanutlin solubility dmso waves, which had crystals in major areas. In the left kidney in groups 2 to 4 the mean SD quantity of Ca was 16.88 +/- 6.41, 28.58 +/- 7.54 and 40.81 +/- 15.29 mu mol/gm wet kidney and the mean quantity of oxalate was 8.44 +/- 6.80, 20.52 +/- 7.70, 31.76 +/- 14.14 mu mol/gm wet kidney, respectively. Ca oxalate density increased with the number of shock wave impacts.
Conclusions: Kidney damage caused by shock wave treatment can increase Ca oxalate crystal retention
in the kidneys of rats in this stone Obeticholic Acid datasheet model.”
“Orexin-A, synthesized by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus helps to maintain wakefulness through excitatory projections to nuclei involved in arousal. Obvious changes in eye movements, eyelid position and pupil reactions seen in the transition to sleep led to the investigation of orexin-A projections to visuomotor cell groups to determine whether direct pathways exist that may modify visuomotor behaviors during the sleep-wake cycle. Histological markers were used to define these specific visuomotor cell groups in monkey brainstem sections and combined with orexin-A immunostaining. The dense supply by orexin-A boutons around adjacent neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus served as a control standard for a strong orexin-A input.