APEC_O1 strain was kindly provided by Lisa K. Nolan (Iowa State University, Ames, USA) and fim negative E. coli strain AAEC189 by Ulrich Dobrindt (Julius-Maximilians LY333531 Universität Wuerzburg, Germany), respectively. This work was supported by the government of the People’s Republic of China, the Sino-German Cooperation on Agricultural Science

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