After SDS-PAGE, the gel was washed twice for 30 min in TBS buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.9% NaCl) and then exposed to a reaction buffer (1 mg of 4-methoxy-1-naphthol, 20 μl H2O2 in 50 ml TBS buffer) for 30 min at room temperature. Hemin starvation To determine the ability for growth under hemin starvation conditions, bacterial strains to be tested were first grown in the presence of hemin for 48 h and then deprived of hemin. The overnight

cultures were prepared by growing the strains Tozasertib chemical structure in hemin-containing enriched BHI broth overnight. In the case of first grown in hemin-containing BHI broth for 48 h, the overnight cultures were diluted 50-fold with hemin-containing BHI broth. Then the first grown bacterial cultures to be tested were diluted 50-fold with hemin-free Palbociclib in vitro BHI broth. The cell density of the culture was measured at OD595. Insulin reduction assay A fresh solution of 1 mg/ml insulin was prepared in 100 mM potassium phosphate, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.0. The assay mixture contained a total volume of 800 μl of

100 mM potassium phosphate, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.0, 0.13 mM insulin, 1 mM DTT, and 1 μM of freshly purified recombinant histidine-tagged HBP35 protein in the standard insulin disulfide reduction assay [14]. The increase in turbidity due to formation of the insoluble insulin B chain was measured at OD650 and 30°C. One micromolar fresh E. coli thioredoxin 1 (Sigma) was used as a positive control. Immunoprecipitation experiment The harvested P. gingivalis KDP136 (gingipain-null mutant) cells [36] were dissolved with RIPA buffer (150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.5% deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS and 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) under absence of protease inhibitors and immunoprecipitated by protein G agarose beads (GE Healthcare) with 5 μg of anti-HBP35 polyclonal antibody or 5 μg of anti-Dps polyclonal antibody, or without an

antibody. Each resulting Aldehyde dehydrogenase precipitate was dissolved with the same volume of the sample buffer and loaded on an SDS-10% polyacrylamide gel. Immunoblot analysis was performed with MAb 1B5 [10], MAb Pg-ompA2 [16] and anti-Dps antibody [37]. GSK1210151A cost Acknowledgements We thank Kaiting Ng for advice on some aspects of molecular work. We also thank members of the Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne for helpful discussion. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid (20249073 and 20791341) for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture, and Technology, Japan to KN and MS, respectively, by the Global COE Program at Nagasaki University to KN and in part by the president’s discretionary fund of Nagasaki University, Japan to MS. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Northern blot analysis of hbp35 mRNA.