27 ± 1.83* 18.22 ± 0.31 AEP

+ NS 20.14 ± 0.56 16.68 ± 1.96 Taurine + AEP 23.86 ± 1.73* 22.49 ± 2.09 GABA + AEP 23.16 ± 1.38* 21.97 ± 4.93 Data were shown as mean ± S.E.M. Statistical evaluation was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe’s multiple range tests: *P < 0.05, AEP + NS versus control + NS, taurine + AEP, or GABA + AEP. In the hippocampus of rat brains and cerebral cortex, the activity of GSH-Px is lowest in the AEP + NS group and close to each other in the taurine + AEP, GABA + AEP, and control + NS groups. When AEP groups are treated using taurine or GABA, the GSH-Px activity of the AEP + NS group shows significant difference (P < 0.05) relative to those of the GABA + AEP and taurine + AEP groups, but those among the taurine + AEP, GABA + AEP, MEK162 in vitro and control + NS groups

have no statistical significance. GSH-Px activities of different groups are shown in Table 4. GF120918 Table 4 Test result of GSH-Px activity of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of every group Groups Hippocampus (U/mg protein) Cerebral cortex (U/mg protein) Control + NS 26.21 ± 1.30* 32.14 ± 10.97* AEP + NS 14.55 ± 2.07 13.90 ± 2.52 Taurine + AEP 28.17 ± 3.11* 36.68 ± 12.90* GABA + AEP 26.12 ± 2.97* 37.65 ± 8.47* Data were shown as mean ± S.E.M. Statistical evaluation was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe’s multiple range tests: *P < 0.05, AEP + NS versus control + NS, taurine + AEP, or GABA + AEP. Discussion Taurine is widely applied as an antioxidant or dietary supplement and is demonstrated to reduce significantly MDA levels in the serum and/or tissue [38]. GABA is widely applied as an additive [26]. Similarly, it is reported that Glu and Asp can prevent cardiac toxicity by alleviating oxidative Methocarbamol stress [30]. Our

results demonstrate that taurine or GABA reacts rapidly with MDA, and the reaction of Glu or Asp with MDA under supraphysiological conditions is difficult (Figures 1 and 2). The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that amino acids act as a sacrificial nucleophile, trapping reactive intermediates [36, 37]. Scavenging carbonyl function of four amino acids is shown in Figures 4 and 5. The strong inhibition effect of taurine and GABA on MDA and the fast formation of products show that taurine and GABA can react rapidly; however, the reaction of Glu or Asp with MDA is very weak under supraphysiological conditions due to its different chemical structures (Table 1, Figure 3). In SC79 in vitro addition, if it is thought of four amino acids in the context of the neural system, taurine and GABA are important inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters, and Glu and Asp are significant excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. Glu and Asp uptake induce excitotoxicity, thereby causing oxidative stress and further lipid peroxidation [6].