, 2010). The division into ventral and dorsal subgraphs roughly separates the face from the rest of the body, Cabozantinib solubility dmso a distinction confirmed by button-pushing and verb generation meta-analysis data (Figure S1). Similar dorsal/ventral distinctions have recently been found (Yeo et al., 2011). Intriguingly, correlations between meta-analytic face SSM (orange) and auditory (pink) ROIs are higher than correlations between body SSM (cyan) and auditory ROIs (auditory-face r = 0.16, auditory-hand r = 0.05, p < 0.001, significant in both cohorts). These differential correlations are unlikely to reflect only anatomical

connectivity, but instead might be related to the history of coactivation that these regions surely share as a function of oral/aural language. Thus, it appears that somatosensory and motor cortex are functionally divided into a ventral facial representation and a dorsal representation of the rest of the body (called “hand” for brevity). Two cingulo-opercular subgraphs (black and purple, Figure 4, middle) are identified, both encompassing regions in anterior cingulate/medial superior prefrontal cortex (aCC), anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC), and the anterior insula (aI) (with additional

Microtubule Associated inhibitor regions in inferior and middle frontal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus at multiple thresholds). Two distributed functional systems have been ascribed to cingulo-opercular cortex: a cingulo-opercular control system first described by Dosenbach et al. (2006) as the “core” of a task performance system, which is thought to instantiate and maintain set

during task performance, and the salience system of Seeley et al. (2007). Relative to the black subgraph, the purple subgraph lies anterior and ventral in aCC, lateral in aPFC, and dorsal in the aI. Three pieces of data hint at the identities of these subgraphs. First, the coordinates reported for the task control network are dorsal to salience coordinates in the insula (Dosenbach et al., 2007 and Seeley et al., 2007), although most other coordinates do not distinguish the competing functional systems. Second, on-cue activity localizes to the purple subgraph in the aI, Cell press aCC, and aPFC (the task control system was defined over a range of tasks by on-cue activity entering a task block, sustained activity during a task block, and error-related activity). Finally, the fc-Mapping technique detects a strong border between the black and purple subgraphs at many locations, indicating that rs-fcMRI signal differs strongly between these subgraphs, consistent with prior reports (Nelson et al., 2010b). We suggest that the purple subgraph more closely represents the cingulo-opercular task control system, whereas the black subgraph more likely relates to a salience system, though the evidence for such assignments is provisional. At least three distributed subgraphs with previously unknown functional identities are also found (Figure 4, right).