To clarify this question, we depleted mice of NK cells in vivo prior to and during infection with different influenza virus

titers. Furthermore, anti-NK1.1 was employed as an Palbociclib additional approach to deplete NK cells in these experiments since anti-asialo-GM1 can deplete subsets of cells from other lineages. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed depletion of CD3−NK1.1+ cells in lung and spleen by anti-NK1.1 (Fig. 4A). Depletion of NK cells improved the survival rate and recovery of body weight (Fig. 4B) in high-dose (5 hemagglutination unit (HAU)) influenza infection. Interestingly, the reverse results were found with medium dose (0.5 HAU) influenza infection, that is, depletion of NK cells increased morbidity and mortality in influenza infection (Fig. 4C). In low-dose (0.0625 HAU) influenza infection, compared to PBS control mice, depletion Volasertib in vitro of NK cells did not influence survival rate and recovery of body weight (Fig. 4D). These results indicate that NK cells can be deleterious, beneficial, or inconsequential, depending on the dose of virus

that the mice are exposed to. Results from NK-cell depletion experiments suggested that NK cells were deleterious during a high-dose pulmonary influenza infection. To further address this issue, we adoptively transferred lung NK cells isolated from high-dose influenza infected or uninfected mice to naive mice, or mice undergoing Rutecarpine a primary influenza infection. We purified NK cells from lungs by negative selection before transfer. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that the purity of adoptively transferred NK cells was greater than 70%, with no contamination by CD8+ T cells in the transferred cells (data not shown). Transferred NK cells were detected in lung and spleen (Fig. 5A). Transferred lung NK cells from influenza-infected mice were not harmful to uninfected recipient mice (v-NK only). By contrast, lung NK cells from

high-dose influenza infected mice transferred to recipient mice infected with high-dose influenza virus significantly increased mortality and accelerated body weight loss (Fig. 5B and C). Transfer of lung NK cells from uninfected mice (normal NK) did not alter survival rate or weight loss and recovery kinetics compared to otherwise unmanipulated virus infected recipients. It is possible that influenza virus-induced NK cells enhanced pathology in lung and possibly systemically as well, and either or both contributions may have resulted in the more severe outcome from influenza infection observed. These results are consistent with the NK-cell depletion experiments, and support the conclusion that in high-dose lung influenza infection, NK cells are activated and can enhance mortality.