However, ZIIR mutant virus was 1/10 as efficient as WT virus in establishing proliferating B-cell clones following infection of human primary blood B cells. The ZIIRmt-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) that did grow out exhibited a phenotype similar to the one observed in 293 cells, including marked overproduction of IE and E gene products relative to WT-infected LCLs and lytic replication of the viral genome. Incubation of the ZIIRmt-infected LCLs with
the chemical inducer 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) led to much greater activation of Zp than did the same treatment of WT- or ZVmt-infected LCLs. Furthermore, Silmitasertib datasheet a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, bis-indolylmaleimide, eliminated this activation by TPA. Thus, we conclude that ZIIR is a potent silencing element of Zp; it plays a key role in establishment and maintenance of EBV latency by inhibiting activation of Zp through the H 89 PKC signal transduction pathway.”
“The neurotoxicity of amyloid beta (A beta) has been implicated as a critical cause in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among antioxidant phytochemicals derived from fruit and vegetables, lycopene has recently received considerable attention for its potent protective properties already demonstrated in several models of oxidative damage. The present study aims to investigate
whether lycopene could provide protective effects against A beta-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. The cultured cortical neurons were pretreated with different dose of lycopene for 4 h, followed by the challenge with 25 mu M A beta(25-35) for 24 h. The results showed that pretreatment with lycopene efficiently attenuated A beta(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity, as evidenced
by the improved cell viability and the decreased apoptotic rate. In addition, lycopene inhibited the reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization caused by A beta(25-35). Z-VAD-FMK solubility dmso Lycopene also restored the levels of proapoptotic Bax, antiapoptotic Bcl-2, and inhibited caspase-3 activation. These beneficial effects may contribute to the protection against A beta-induced neurotoxicity. Together, our results suggest that the natural antioxidant lycopene has potential for neuroprotection and therefore, may be a promising candidate for AD treatment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Ourmia melon virus (OuMV) is the type member of the genus Ourmiavirus. These viruses have a trisegmented genome, each part of which encodes a single protein. Ourmiaviruses share a distant similarity with other plant viruses only in their movement proteins (MP), whereas their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) shares features only with fungal viruses of the family Narnaviridae.