Further, basal phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt (Ser-473)/total Akt)

Further, basal phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt (Ser-473)/total Akt) and GSK-3p (GSK-30 (Ser-9)/total GSK-3 beta) are reduced 60-70% in primary myotubes from eNOS(-/-) mice. Treatment with the calcium ionophore, A23187 (0.4 mu M, 1 h), increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-30 by similar to 2-fold (P<0.05) in myotubes from WT mice, but had no effect on phosphorylation of these proteins in eNOS(-/-)

myotubes. Additionally, A23187 treatment failed to induce nuclear translocation of the transcription factor, NFATc1, in eNOS(-/-) myotubes. Treatment with the nitric oxide donor, propylamine propylamine NONOate (PAPA-NO; 1 mu M for 1 h) increased Akt and GSK-30 phosphorylation, and induced NFATc1 nuclear translocation in WT and eNOS(-/-) myotubes, Mocetinostat purchase and eliminated differences from WT in the NOS knockout cultures. Parallel experiments in C2C12 myotubes found that Akt phosphorylation induced by NO or the guanylate cyclase activator, YC-1, is prevented by co-treatment with either a guanylate cyclase or PI3K inhibitor (10 mu M ODQ or 25 mu M LY2904002, respectively). XL184 manufacturer These data suggest

that eNOS activity is necessary for calcium-induced activation of the Akt pathway, and that nitric oxide is sufficient to elevate Akt activity in primary myotubes. NO appears to influence Akt signaling through a cGMP, PI3K-dependent pathway. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights ABT-737 molecular weight reserved.”
“Purpose: We report on the first randomized trial to our knowledge comparing holmium laser ablation and photoselective vaporization of the prostate in patients with a small to moderate size prostate.

Materials and Methods: Between March 2005 and April 2007, 109 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate size 60 cc or smaller were randomized to photoselective vaporization of the prostate (52) or holmium laser ablation of the prostate (57). All patients were evaluated by preoperative and postoperative

International Prostate Symptom Score, peak flow rate and post-void residual urine volume, measurement of prostate specific antigen and transrectal ultrasound prostate volume. Followup evaluations were performed during visits at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months.

Results: Mean +/- SD preoperative prostate volume was 33.1 +/- 14.5 and 37.3 +/- 13.6 cc in the holmium laser ablation group and the photoselective vaporization group, respectively. Holmium laser ablation of the prostate required more operating time than photoselective vaporization (69.8 vs 55.5 minutes, p = 0.008). In the holmium laser ablation group the International Prostate Symptom Score improved from 20 +/- 6.8 to 6.2 +/- 3.9 and peak urinary flow rate increased from 6.7 +/- 3.9 to 17.2 +/- 8 ml per second. In the photoselective vaporization group the International Prostate Symptom Score improved from 18.4 +/- 6.6 to 8.2 +/- 6.

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