Evoked EPSC amplitude was greater in 1AKOs than WTs. When subjects were pooled across genotypes, anxiety measures correlated with eEPSC amplitude, indicating enhanced postsynaptic glutamate synaptic activity under conditions of synaptic activation in anxious subjects. While GABA synaptic activity and sensitivity to diazepam were not affected by genotype or correlated with anxiety, sensitivity to the anxiogenic FG 7142 was smaller in anxious subjects.

These data indicate enhanced postsynaptic glutamate receptor sensitivity and decreased GABAergic inhibition by a benzodiazepine

4-Hydroxytamoxifen supplier inverse agonist in CA1 hippocampal neurons of anxious mice are produced by deletion of the 5-HT1A receptor. These data provide new information about interactions between 5-HT, GABA, and glutamate systems during the expression of chronic anxiety.”
“Three month old hatchling Crocodylus porosus with data loggers in their stomachs were placed in thermal gradients, in isolation (N=16) and in groups of 4 (N=8 GDC-0973 cell line groups; 32 individuals). Mean T-b and variation in T-b (SD) was not different whether individual crocodiles in isolation were

fasted or fed, or if individuals were housed in isolation (I) or in groups (G). However, individuals in isolation (N=16) maintained slightly lower T(b)s than those in groups (N=32) during the early morning (06:00-11:00 h). The overall mean T-b recorded for fasted individuals in the isolated and group treatments (N=48) was 30.9 +/- 2.3 degrees C SD, with 50% of T(b)s (T-set) between 29.4 degrees C and 32.6 degrees C, and a voluntary maximum and minimum of 37.6 OSI-744 clinical trial degrees C and 23.2 degrees C respectively. During the day (11:00-17:00 h), individuals in isolation and in groups selected the warmer parts of the gradient on land, where they moved little. Outside of this quiescent period (QP), activity levels were much higher and they used the water more. There was a strong diurnal cycle

for fasted individuals in isolation and in groups, with T-b during the QP (31.9 +/- 2.09 degrees C; N=48) significantly higher than during the non-quiescent period (NQP: 30.6 +/- 2.31 degrees C). Thermal variation (SD) in T-b was relatively stable throughout the day, with the highest variation at around dusk and early evening (18:00-20:00 h), which coincided with a period of highest activity. The diurnal activity cycle appears innate, and may reflect the need to engage in feeding activity at the water’s edge in the early evening, despite ambient temperatures being cooler, with reduced activity and basking during the day. If so, preferred T-b may be more accurately defined as the mean T-b during the QP rather than the NQP. Implications for the thermal environment best suited for captive C. porosus hatchlings are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.