Differences that may be due to low-level properties were observed even earlier, starting at about 60–80 ms. These findings are well in line with the hypothesis that early categorization takes place in the (extended) time window of the P1 component. It should also be emphasized that the typical sequence of ERP components that can be observed for visual stimuli allows to make a similar conclusion. It is well documented that the P1 is not the first component in the visual ERP. It is preceded by the C1 component (with a latency of about 80 ms) that can be observed reliably when stimuli are flashed in different quadrants of the visual field

and if a large number of trials Ganetespib nmr are used for averaging. Source analyses and its strict retinotopic

relationship indicate that the C1 is generated in the striate cortex around the calcarine fissure (Di Russo et al., 2002). This indicates that the P1 with a latency of about 100 ms is preceded by sensory specific processes (see also Foxe and Simpson, 2002). The P1 usually is followed by a negative component, the N1, with a latency of about 160 ms. Source analyses have indicated that the P1 is generated in extrastriate regions (e.g., Di Russo et al., 2002 and Mangun et al., 1997) whereas the N1 (or N1-like components, such as the N200) which is associated with stimulus recognition or identification selleck products is generated at more anterior regions of the ventral pathway (e.g., Allison et al., 1999 and Allison et al., 2002). Thus, the temporal sequence of the three ERP components is well in line with the hypothesis that the P1 reflects early stimulus categorization that precedes stimulus recognition or identification (reflected by N1-like or even later components; e.g., Doniger et al. 2000) but follows sensory processes (reflected by the C1). In summarizing, the time course of processing visual information

may be characterized by three consecutive Pyruvate dehydrogenase time windows that are associated with different ERP components, sensory encoding (around about 80 ms), early categorization (around about 100 ms) and stimulus recognition (around about 150 ms). With respect to terminology, we will distinguish primarily between early categorization and recognition (or identification) in the sense that early categorization is a process that precedes and enables recognition (or identification). The meaning of recognition or identification depends strongly on the type of task. In a categorization task (e.g., in a go/no go task requiring the distinction of targets and non targets on the basis of global features) the terms categorization and recognition can be used synonymously because recognition may already be possible on the basis of global features. If, however, the analysis of very specific features is required, we will use the term stimulus identification instead of recognition.