, 2008). The next step of this work will be to study the immune response induces by the vaccination with Cwp84. This could be performed by the analysis of immunologic mechanisms, by the evaluation of the induction of both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines from both whole spleen and lymphocytes stimulated by the Cwp84. To conclude, the protection from CDI observed for 33% of hamsters after rectal immunization with Cwp84 demonstrates

that this protease is an interesting antigen for mucosal immunization. The hamster immunization studies also demonstrate that Cwp84 is an attractive component for inclusion in a vaccine to reduce C. difficile intestinal colonization in humans, which in turn may diminish the risk of CDI. A combination of other associated surface proteins may improve Everolimus cell line the protection. Finally, given the potency of C. difficile toxins, it may be interesting to incorporate TcdA and TcdB with surface proteins for immunization to confer total protection against CDI. We thank the IFR 141 animal central care facility C646 nmr for its efficient handling and preparation of the animals. “
“Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by pronounced inflammation and leucocyte infiltration in affected joints. Despite significant therapeutic advances, a new targeted approach is needed. Our objective in this work was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects

of the Ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS) on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats, an experimental model for RA. Following AIA induction in Lewis rats by intradermal injection of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rats were treated with either FTS or dexamethasone and assessed

daily for paw swelling. Joints were imaged by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography and analysed histologically. The anti-inflammatory effect of FTS was assessed by serum assay of multiple cytokines. After adjuvant injection rats demonstrated paw swelling, leucocyte infiltration, cytokine secretion and activation of Ras-effector pathways. Upon FTS treatment these changes reverted almost to normal. Histopathological analysis revealed that the synovial hyperplasia and leucocyte infiltration observed in the arthritic rats were alleviated by FTS. Periarticular bony erosions were averted. Efficacy Levetiracetam of FTS treatment was also demonstrated by inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17 release. The Ras effectors PI3K, protein kinase B (AKT), p38, and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) were significantly attenuated and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) transcription factor, a marker of regulatory T cells, was significantly increased. Thus, FTS possesses significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties and accordingly shows promise as a potential therapeutic agent for RA.