2°, ηp2=0.35, p = 0.084). The interaction effect of the surface with the cutting angle revealed medium and large but insignificant effect sizes for the knee valgus angle at FS by 3.1° (d = 0.77, medium effect, p = 0.094) and at WA by 5.1° (d = 0.97, high effect, p = 0.114), indicating an increased valgus positions at the 30° cut on NT compared this website to AT. The 30° cut on NT additionally seemed based on a medium effect to lead to a higher knee internal rotation by 5.6° (d = 0.51, medium effect, p = 0.235) at FS. The ground contact times for the cut were with 0.190 s significantly higher for
the 60° cut than for the 30° cut (0.180 s) (ηp2=0.51,p=0.03). The kinematic comparison of the effect of the cutting angle revealed for the 30° cut a significantly increased ankle dorsiflexion angle at FS by 2.8° (ηp2=0.53,p=0.027) and WA by 2.1° (ηp2=0.45,p=0.048). The 30° cut indicates with large effect sizes an increased ankle inversion at FS by 1.4° (ηp2=0.20,p=0.222) and WA by 1.6° (ηp2=0.27,p=0.149), as well as SCR7 manufacturer a decreased external ankle rotation at FS by 0.8° (ηp2=0.20,p=0.135) (Table 1). Similarly to the ankle dorsal flexion angle the knee was significantly more flexed for the 30° cutting angle at FS by 4.4° (ηp2=0.69,p=0.005) regardless of surface. The globalisation of AT across many football codes, with the combined increase in participation, has driven
the need to examine the influence of surface on the injury risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface–player interaction in female football players for an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre. Due to the low population number, medium and large effect sizes are discussed as a tendency towards a difference. Female athletes displayed a
tendency Tryptophan synthase to alterations mainly in the frontal and rotational plane of the knee and ankle with increased ankle inversion and external rotation angles and increased knee valgus angles as well as knee internal rotation angles for the AT in comparison to the NT. The only effect showing in sagittal plane was an increased ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact on AT. The ankle and knee joint angle strategies demonstrated by the female participants of this study revealed a movement strategy, which might be beneficial towards a lower risk of ACL injury on AT. Ground contact times for the cut did not differ between the two surfaces. As the participants approached the cut with the same velocity, this could give some indication of similar grip properties.29 Non-contact ACL injuries are often described to occur in a position at which the knee is in a low flexion angle in combination with an increased knee valgus and internal rotation angle.19, 20, 21, 22, 24 and 30 An increased ankle eversion and pronation may further preload the ACL.31 However, the cause and effect of the kinematics and ligament rupture are not yet fully understood.