An important finding of this Everolimus cell line study is that two doses of the SRP® vaccine applied in a commercial feedlot reduced E. coli O157:H7 shedding by more than 50% and reduced high shedders by more than 75%. These results from a cattle population with relatively high levels of E. coli O157:H7 have important practical implications since efficacy of pre-harvest interventions is most important when prevalence is high [13]. Another important finding

is that the commercial DFM (Bovamine®) had no effect on E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding. These results also have practical significance since end-users of pre-harvest interventions may wonder whether these commercially available products – the SRP® vaccine and the Bovamine® DFM – are equally efficacious. Results also indicate that DFM-fed cattle may have improved performance whereas cattle in vaccinated pens had relatively poorer performance. Performance effects need to be further quantified since cattle performance affects beef production costs, and the adoption of Venetoclax cost pre-harvest control programs will be affected by all costs associated with implementation. Study cattle were fed a diet with

25% DG during the summer; thus, the interventions were tested in a situation when fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 was expected to be high. Feeding DG to cattle can increase fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 approximately two to threefold [9], [11] and [12]. Seasonal effects associated with E. coli O157:H7 shedding (higher in the summer) also has been well documented; study data ( Fig. 1) demonstrate a well-described seasonal pattern [4], [16] and [19]. The sample-level prevalence for high shedders (3.5%) and overall fecal shedding (31.7%) were relatively high, but numerically similar to estimates

from comparable populations. Reports on summer-harvested cattle MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit included prevalence estimates for high shedders of 3.7% [7] and 3.3% [8]. Recent estimates of overall fecal prevalence in summer-fed feedlot cattle have ranged between 37% and 10%, but within-pen prevalence is highly variable [16], [20] and [21]. Thus, the range in cumulative within-pen prevalence (1.7–66.7%) reported in this current study is consistent with previous reports. While diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of culture methods used in this study are not perfect for identifying fecal shedding and high shedding [22], any misclassification would be expected to be non-differential with respect to treatments. Further, these methods have previously provided useful data on fecal shedding relative to important food safety parameters such as E. coli O157:H7 carcass and hide prevalence [7] and [8]. Gene profiles of isolates recovered in this study are similar to those previously reported; indicating that the E. coli O157:H7 isolates have potential for human virulence [23] and [24].