3A). We then recorded the actual steady-state current amplitude in each cell in response to 10 μM glutamate under stopped-flow conditions and compared these to the values predicted by the Michaelis–Menten function. There was a discrepancy between the theoretically predicted and measured values, and this difference increased monotonically with transporter density. We

inferred the actual glutamate surface concentration in the stopped-flow condition with 10 μM glutamate in the chamber from the measured current amplitudes using the uniquely determined Michaelis–Menten function for each cell ( Fig. 3A and inset). The inferred surface concentration was then plotted as

a function of transporter density. selleckchem There was a supralinear effect of transporter density on surface [Glu] in stopped-flow KPT-330 in vivo conditions ( Fig. 3B). Transporter density in this group of cells ranged from 234 to 5165 transporters per μm2. At low expression levels, the estimated [Glu] approached the 10 μM source concentration. However, at transporter densities of ∼5000 μm−2 (compare with estimates in hippocampus of 10,800 μm−2; Lehre and Danbolt, 1998), surface [Glu] was estimated to be reduced to ∼50 nM, roughly 200-fold lower. We constructed a diffusion model to simulate the spatial profile of glutamate near a microdialysis probe (see Section 2). From quantitative immunoblotting, the glutamate transporter density in hippocampus has been estimated to be between 0.14 and 0.25 mM (Lehre and Danbolt, 1998). From the transporter density, glutamate transport averaged over a given volume of neuropil can be estimated for any given ambient glutamate value based on Michaelis–Menten kinetics (neglecting exchange, which becomes significant near the equilibrium thermodynamic limit). At steady state, sources and sinks are equal, and the steady-state leak and uptake of glutamate

are equal. With ambient [Glu] = 25 nM (Herman Resminostat and Jahr) and using the lower transporter density estimate of 0.14 mM (Lehre and Danbolt, 1998), the volume-averaged steady-state glutamate leak is predicted to be approximately 2100 molecules μm−3 sec−1 (but see Cavelier and Attwell, 2005). This tonic leak will cause increased ambient glutamate if transport is reduced, as could occur in a metabolically impaired region of neuropil near a microdialysis probe (Benveniste et al., 1987, Clapp-Lilly et al., 1999, Amina et al., 2003, Bungay et al., 2003 and Jaquins-Gerstl and Michael, 2009). We used the diffusion model to describe the spatial profile of [Glu] near a 100 μm radius microdialysis probe with an adjacent damaged region described by a Gaussian gradient of impaired transport (Fig. 4A).