The use of anthelmintics for the definitive hosts is difficult in most third world countries, and alternative strategies are needed. Interruption of the hydatid life cycle within the intermediate host by vaccination against the larval stage may be a viable supplement to anthelmintics (2,3,6,7). In the 1960s, it was discovered that the secreted proteins of the oncosphere induce protection. EG95 was subsequently identified as a protective antigen

when immunized animals were challenged with E. granulosus eggs (8). In addition, the antibody produced by animals vaccinated with E. granulosus oncospheres or the EG95 protein was shown to be highly effective in a complement-dependent in vitro oncosphere-killing assay (6,9,10). Poxviruses offer an KU-60019 concentration efficient, low-cost means by which foreign antigen can be delivered to target species (11). Recombinant vaccinia virus (VACV) has been successfully

Decitabine concentration used to vaccinate against rabies in Europe and in America (12,13). In this study, we explored the use of VACV as a viral delivery vehicle for the hydatid oncosphere antigen EG95 in a mouse model and in sheep. We show that antiserum produced in mice against the EG95 antigen is effective in killing E. granulosus oncospheres in an in vitro assay. The coding region of the E. granulosus protective antigen EG95 (7,8) was inserted at the thymidine kinase gene of the VACV Lister strain (termed VV399). The construction of VV399 is described in (14,15). Immunization of mice with VV399: Balb/C mice 6–8 weeks of age were anaesthetized with approximately 200 μL avertin [2,2,2, tribromoethanol; 0·2 mL/15 g mouse of 20 mg/mL solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)] injected intraperitoneally. Mice were infected intranasally with 50 μL containing 1 × 108 pfu of VV399. Twenty-five microlitre was introduced into each nostril

using a syringe. Intraperitoneal immunization with EG95 protein: Balb/C mice were immunized with 10 μg of EG95-6xHIS (cloning and expression described in 16) in a total volume 250 μL via the Cytidine deaminase intraperitoneal route. Alum adjuvant was prepared as described by Herbert (17). Antigen was prepared by mixing equal parts of soluble protein antigen with adjuvant. Groups of mice were held in individual isolator cages during the course of the experiment. Mice were weighed every 2 weeks following primary immunization and booster immunization. Outbred sheep of mixed sex and <1 year of age were first tested for antibodies against EG95 antigen by ELISA. Animals were divided into two random groups. Group 1: Six sheep were immunized by scarification with 108 pfu of VV399 in PBS in a total volume of 100 μL. A 4 × 4 cm scratched area was made on the bare skin on the inside of each back leg, and 50 μL of virus applied. Group 2: Six animals were each immunized with 50 μg GST-EG95 protein (cloning and expression described in 7,8) with 1 mg QuilA.