“The use of fluorochromes in bone research is a widely acc


“The use of fluorochromes in bone research is a widely accepted technique that dates back to the 1950s. Several pioneers, such as Harold Frost, have thoroughly investigated the potential of fluorochrome use for the study on bone formation and bone remodeling dynamics. Since the development of bone tissue engineering, a renewed interest in the benefits of fluorochrome use was perceived. Fluorochrome use in animal models makes it possible to determine the onset time and location of osteogenesis, which are the fundamental parameters in bone tissue engineering studies. There is, however, a lack of standardized procedures

for using this technique. In addition, many types of fluorochromes exist and one could be confused upon selecting the appropriate type, the appropriate concentration, the route of administration, and methods LY3023414 price MI-503 of visualization. All these variables can potentially affect the outcome during fluorescence microscopy. This work aims at providing the bone tissue engineering researcher with an overview of the history, working mechanism, and the potential pitfalls in the use of fluorochromes in animal studies. Experiments using some of the more frequently used fluorochromes are explained and illustrated.”
“This paper studies the Rayleigh-Plateau instability for co-flowing immiscible aqueous polymer solutions

in a microfluidic channel. Careful vibration-free experiments with controlled actuation of the flow allowed direct measurement of the growth BAY 63-2521 inhibitor rate of this instability. Experiments for the well-known

aqueous two phase system (ATPS, or aqueous biphasic systems) of dextran and polyethylene glycol solutions exhibited a growth rate of 1 s(-1), which was more than an order of magnitude slower than an analogous experiment with two immiscible Newtonian fluids with viscosities and interfacial tension that closely matched the ATPS experiment. Viscoelastic effects and adhesion to the walls were ruled out as explanations for the observed behavior. The results are remarkable because all current theory suggests that such dilute polymer solutions should break up faster, not slower, than the analogous Newtonian case. Microfluidic uses of aqueous two phase systems include separation of labile biomolecules but have hitherto be limited because of the difficulty in making droplets. The results of this work teach how to design devices for biological microfluidic ATPS platforms. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/10.1063/1.3700117]“
“Neurons in the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei are components of an interconnected brainstem, limbic and prefrontal cortex neural network that is engaged during arousal, vigilance, motivated and addictive behaviors, and stress.

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