The spectrum of microbial agents causing RTI had been previously described and include numerous viruses (eg, influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncitial virus, metapneumovirus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and coronavirus) as well as some bacteria (eg, Streptococcus sp., M. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila).18 In the subset of our 99 patients evaluated with RT-PCR and a throat Selleckchem EPZ015666 swab, an infectious agent was found in 65.6%. This is much higher than that observed in many other studies
performed in travelers or during influenza season. In a series of 500 Hajj pilgrims presenting with upper RTI, 54 (10%) had a positive viral throat culture.19 Of these 54 positive cultures, 27 (50%) were due to influenza B, 7 (12%) due to RSV, 4 (7%) due to parainfluenza, and 3 (5%) due to influenza A.19 In another study of 255 Iranian pilgrims with RTI, 83 (32%) had a viral pathogen isolated by throat culture.20 Of these 83 positive throat cultures, influenza was diagnosed in 25 (9.8%), followed by parainfluenza in 19 (7.4%), rhinovirus in 15 (5.9%), adenovirus in 14 (5.4%), enterovirus in 5 (2%), and RSV in 4 (1.6%); coinfection with two viruses was observed in one patient (0.4%).20 Of 67
German travelers that fulfilled the WHO case definition of suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during the 2003 outbreak, influenza and PIVs Ruxolitinib nmr accounted for 14.2 and 15.5% of the viral etiologies by RT-PCR, whereas 56.8% of the cases remain unexplained.21 Therefore, the viruses isolated in travelers include viruses other than InfA and InfB. In a study performed at San Francisco University Medical Center during the influenza season, a viral agent was identified (through shell vial assay and PCR) in 103 (39%) of the patients with RTI.22 Lastly, among 420 patients with ILI recruited over 3 years in
Sao Paulo (Brazil), RT-PCR were performed on nasal washes and 61.8% were positive for respiratory viruses.23 Therefore, RT-PCR leads to an etiological diagnosis of RTI in about two thirds of the cases. Although this study took place during the early months of the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 outbreak, this strain of influenza virus was isolated only in 18% of the microbiological evaluated cases. We found that ILI was mainly because of influenza (30%) aminophylline but other viruses (37%) such as rhinovirus (22%) were also involved. This supports previous data in Brazil where ILI was reported in 240 of 420 patients (57.1%), with influenza and rhinovirus accounting for 30.9 and 19.6% of the ILI etiologies, respectively.23 Otherwise viruses identified during passed flu epidemics were also diverse as reported in other studies.22,24 We were unable to identify risk factors for infection with influenza virus A(H1N1) in our patients with RTI (data not shown), probably because of the limited number of cases evaluated during the inclusion period (April–July).