Moreover, in a recent meta-analysis of 72 studies, Karelis et al

Moreover, in a recent Ralimetinib in vitro meta-analysis of 72 studies, Karelis et al. [12] showed that the mean performance effect in studies with exercise durations higher than 2 h was significantly greater than ATR inhibitor in studies with exercise durations below 2 h. Our results agree with those of Jeukendrup et al. [6] who found that the positive effect

of CHO supplements on performance was only 2.4% for a 1 hour exercise. The results for neuromuscular function in the present study are variable. Firstly, both central fatigue and an index of peripheral fatigue (Db100) were significantly better preserved in the SPD than in the PLA condition. Along the same line, RPE was lower in SPD than in PLA (Figure 3C). However, although the alterations in click here MVC were lower in SPD than in PLA (-14% vs. -17%, respectively), the global index of neuromuscular fatigue (MVC) did not

differ significantly between SPD and PLA. This lack of statistical difference is probably due to high inter-individual changes in MVC. An alternative explanation would be an alteration of excitation-contraction coupling or muscle fiber excitability. This may reduce the difference between SPD and PLA when MVC (i.e. trains of stimulations) is considered. However, excitation-contraction coupling and muscle fiber excitability do not seem to be affected by SPD as shown by the lack of difference in the M-wave characteristics and peak twitch changes between the two conditions. In the present study, glycemia decreased during the all-out exercise (protocol 1) in both conditions, but the decrease was lower in SPD than in PLA. Furthermore, glycemia remained stable during the standardized event in SPD while it decreased in PLA (protocol 2). If SPD

is helpful in maintaining glycemia, it should nevertheless be noted that the subjects were not hypoglycemic at the end of the exercise whatever the protocol or PLA condition. It has been postulated Verteporfin that the improved maintenance of blood glucose levels with the ingestion of glucose may not be a potential mechanism for improved performance during prolonged exercise [12]. However Nybo [35] showed that when blood glucose homeostasis was maintained by glucose supplementation, central fatigue seemed to be effectively counteracted and performance (average force production) increased. Of note is the fact that Nybo [35] detected central fatigue during a 2 min sustained maximal isometric contraction of the knee extensors but not during short contractions as in the present study. Glucose ingestion can stimulate the secretion of insulin and blunt the exercise-induced rise in both free fatty acids and free tryptophan and could consequently decrease central fatigue by attenuating the rise in brain 5-HT (serotonin) [36, 37]. Of note, RPE was lower in SPD than in PLA (Figure 3C).

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