AMS and AL were responsible for the immunological analyses, MH for the clinical assessments and analyses of AEs and MP for the statistical analyses. AMS and AL wrote the manuscript. All coauthors contributed to the critical review and revision of the manuscript and have seen and approved the final version. The nonprofit organization PATH participated in the design of the studies, interpretation of results and reviewed the manuscript. The other funding sources only contributed financially to the
Luminespib concentration study. NC and BG are employees and minority shareholders of Scandinavian Biopharma Holding AB, which holds certain commercial rights to the vaccine tested in this study. AMS and JH are shareholders of the biotech company Gotovax AB that may receive a small royalty on sales of the ETEC vaccine if it becomes a
commercial product. NC and AMS have patent PCT/EP2012/067598-PCT pending. NC, AMS and JH have patent PCT/EP2011/065784-PCT pending. JC has a U.S. Patent No. 6033673 licensed to Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PATH EVI and ETVAX. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. We thank Joanna Kaim, Gudrun Wiklund, Jenni Adamsson, Madeleine Löfstrand, Sofia Köster and Helena Päärni for excellent technical assistance, Therese Schagerlind, Rebeckha Magnusson and the staff at the Clinical Trial Center and Gothia Forum at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital for valuable clinical support, Niklas Svensson for data see more management, members of the safety monitoring committee, Jorge Flores and Nicole Bauers of PATH for help in study design, protocol development and IRB review within the U.S. and all volunteers who participated in the trial. This work was supported by PATH through its enteric vaccine project; the Sahlgrenska University Hospital (LUA-ALF) [grant number 144411]; the Swedish Research Council [grant number 0908416X]; and the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [grant Vasopressin Receptor number SB12-0072]. “
“Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB). A third of the world’s population is infected with MTB, in 2013 there was a global estimated 8.6 million cases of TB and 1.3 million deaths caused by this pathogen [1]. Currently, the only available vaccine against TB is bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a live attenuated vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis. BCG protects against severe forms of childhood TB but its efficacy against pulmonary TB in adults is highly variable. Therefore, there is an urgent need for second generation TB vaccines [2] and [3]. Several novel vaccines are being explored, among which a prime-boost strategy using new TB vaccine candidates to boost BCG is considered a promising strategy [4].