As in the horizontal plane, changes in movement directions LY3039478 datasheet induced by misaligned feedback indicated that vision and proprioception were both generally taken into account when planning vertical plane movements. However,

we also found evidence that the contributions of vision and proprioception differed across target directions and between directions of displaced visual feedback. These findings suggest that the contributions of vision and proprioception to movement planning in the vertical plane reflect the unique multisensory and biomechanical demands associated with moving against gravity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“It has been previously shown that peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) is beneficial for nervous system injury. In present study, BV-6 in vivo we examined the effect of rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, on spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. SCI was induced by dropping

a 10 g weight rod at a height of 25 mm. The animals were randomly divided into vehicle group, rosiglitazone treated group, and G3335 treated group. Locomotor function recovery was evaluated by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB scale), NF-kappa B expression and endogenous neural progenitor cells (NPCs) proliferation and differentiation was assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the vehicle groups, we found that the rosiglitazone could significantly ameliorate locomotor recovery,

reduce NF-kappa B expression, and increase the proliferation of endogenous NPCs. when the PPAR-gamma antagonist was use, these see more effects were abolished. However, neurons differentiating from endogenous NPCs were inhibited when PPAR-gamma was activated. Our results suggest that the activation of PPAR-gamma may be a potential alternative treatment for spinal cord injury. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Mast cell (MC)-deficient c-Kit mutant Kit(W/W-v) mice are protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, suggesting a detrimental role for MCs in this disease. To further investigate the role of MCs in EAE, we took advantage of a recently characterized model of MC deficiency, Kit(W-sh/W-sh). Surprisingly, we observed that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35-55)-induced chronic EAE was exacerbated in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) compared with Kit(+/+) mice. Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice showed more inflammatory foci in the central nervous system (CNS) and increased T-cell response against myelin. To understand whether the discrepant results obtained in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) and in Kit(W/W-v) mice were because of the different immunization protocols, we induced EAE in these two strains with varying doses of MOG(35-55) and adjuvants.

In this study, we reported the first alanine scan on the plant defensin containing the CS alpha beta motif. The information is valuable to the scaffold with the CS alpha beta motif and protein engineering.”
“Purpose: We determined the effect of weight loss on the prevalence, incidence and resolution of weekly or more frequent urinary incontinence in overweight/obese women with type 2 diabetes after 1 year of intervention in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial.

Materials and Methods: Women this website in this substudy (2,739, mean +/- SD age 57.9 +/- 6.8 years, body mass index 36.5 +/- 6.1 kg/m(2)) were randomized into

an intensive lifestyle weight loss intervention or a diabetes support and education control condition.

Results: At baseline 27% of participants reported urinary incontinence on a validated questionnaire (no significant difference by intensive lifestyle intervention vs diabetes support and education). After 1 year of intervention the intensive lifestyle intervention group in this substudy lost 7.7 +/- 7.0 vs 0.7 +/- 5.0 kg in the diabetes support and education group. At 1 year fewer women in the intensive lifestyle intervention group reported urinary incontinence (25.3% vs 28.6% in the diabetes CB-5083 nmr support and education group, p = 0.05). Among participants without urinary incontinence at baseline 10.5% of intensive lifestyle intervention and 14.0% of diabetes support and education participants experienced

urinary incontinence after 1 year (p = 0.02). There were no significant group QNZ differences in the resolution of urinary incontinence (p >0.17). Each kg of weight lost was associated with a 3% reduction in the odds of urinary incontinence

developing (p = 0.01), and weight losses of 5% to 10% reduced these odds by 47% (p = 0.002).

Conclusions: Moderate weight loss reduced the incidence but did not improve the resolution rates of urinary incontinence at 1 year among overweight/obese women with type 2 diabetes. Weight loss interventions should be considered for the prevention of urinary incontinence in overweight/obese women with diabetes.”
“Previously published 3-D structures of a prototypic ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, MsbA, have been recently corrected revealing large rigid-body motions possibly linked to its catalytic cycle. Here, a closely related multidrug bacterial ABC transporter, BmrA, was studied using site-directed spin labeling by focusing on a region connecting the transmembrane domain and the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of single spin-labeled cysteine mutants suggests that, in the resting state, this sub-domain essentially adopts a partially extended conformation, which is consistent with the crystal structures of MsbA and Sav1866. Interestingly, one of the single point mutants (Q333C) yielded an immobilized EPR spectrum that could arise from a direct interaction with a vicinal tyrosine residue.

Serum TBARS was estimated in thirty nine newly diagnosed drug free OCD patients and thirty three disease free control subjects. Mean values for serum TBARS were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.001) in cases than in controls (5.85 nmol/ml and 3.90 nmol/ml with an SD of 0.56 and 0.81 respectively). A strong positive correlation (r(s)=0.757, p < 0.01) between the lipid peroxidation marker TBARS and the disease severity indicator

YBOCS was found among cases. Significant positive correlation was also found between TBARS and the obsessive and compulsive subscales of YBOCS. These Sapitinib mw findings were in tune with previous studies, which suggested oxidative stress induced increased free radical generation in the OCD patients. Our findings may help in understanding the development and progress of OCD and the treatment of patients of OCD in future. (c) 2009 Elsevier Tanespimycin mw Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Diaminofluorescein-dyes (DAFS) are widely used for visualizing NO center dot production in biological systems. Here it was examined whether

DAF-fluorescence could be evoked by other means than nitrosation. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension cells treated with the fungal elicitor cryptogein released compound(s) which gave a fluorescence increase in the cell-free filtrate after addition of DAF-2 or DAF-FM or DAR-4M. DAF-reactive compounds were relatively stable and identified as reaction products of H2O2 plus apoplastic peroxidase (PO). CPTIO prevented formation of these products. Horseradish-peroxidase (HR-PO) plus H2O2 also generated DAF-fluorescence in vitro. Using RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection. DAF derivatives were further analyzed. In filtrates from cryptogein-treated cells, fluorescence originated from two novel DAF-derivatives also obtained in vitro with DAF-2 + HR-PO +

H2O2. DAF-2T was only detected when an NO donor (DEA-NO) was present. Using high resolution mass spectrometry, the two above-described PRT062607 novel DAF-reaction products were tentatively identified as dimers.

In cells preloaded with DAF-2 DA and incubated with or without cryptogein, DAF-fluorescence originated from a complex pattern of multiple products different from those obtained in vitro. One specific peak was responsive to exogenous H2O2, and another, minor peak eluted at or close to DAF-2T.

Thus, in contrast to the prevailing opinion, DAF-2 can be enzymatically converted into a variety of highly fluorescing derivatives, both inside and outside cells, of which none (outside) or only a minor part (inside) appeared NO center dot dependent. Accordingly, DAF-fluorescence and its prevention by cPTIO do not necessarily indicate NO center dot production. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Transcriptional induction of beta interferon (IFN-beta) through pattern recognition receptors is a key event in the host defense against invading viruses.

PCR amplification SU5402 and sequencing of the C18L gene of BPXV-BP4 revealed the truncated ankyrin protein with a coding region consisting of only 50 amino acids (aa) as against a 150-aa-long peptide expressed by VACV (Copenhagen strain). BPXV-specific primers were designed and employed for sequence determination of six Indian BPXV isolates. Comparative sequence analyses of the C18L gene of BPXV isolates with that of published data of the genus orthopox viruses (OPXVs) revealed 71.2-77.3% homology at the nucleotide (nt) and 35.5-67.1% at the aa levels with VACVs. Phylogenetic analyses based

on deduced aa sequences of all BPXVs showed clustering in a single group which is distinct from VACVs. Furthermore, PCR performed on the C18L gene (conventional and TaqMan) and duplex PCR based on C18L and DNA polymerase genes were developed using purified viral DNA for the specific detection and differentiation of BPXV from other OPXVs. This resulted in a specific amplicon of 368 bp from the C18L gene of BPXV. Duplex PCR resulted in 96 and 368 bp products from DNA Pot and C18L genes of BPXV and only S63845 manufacturer a 96-bp amplicon of the DNA pot gene in other OPXVs. These assays

were employed successfully for the differentiation of BPXV from Orthopox, Capripox and Parapox viruses as it was found to be specific only for BPXV. The authenticity of the amplicons was confirmed based on their size in agarose gel electrophoresis and sequence analysis. In contrast to the conventional PCR, the TaqMan assay was found to be rapid, specific and 100 times more sensitive with a detection limit as low as 5 pg of viral DNA. In addition, the assays were evaluated with DNA extracted from MM-102 clinical trial suspected clinical scab materials obtained from buffaloes, cows and human beings. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Although the roles of the basal ganglia in the control of saccadic eye movements have been extensively examined, little is known about their roles in smooth pursuit. Recent anatomical data suggest that, like somatic movements, smooth pursuit may also be regulated by signals

through the basal ganglia thalamocortical pathways. To understand whether the basal ganglia, especially the globus pallidus (GP), could play roles in pursuit, we examined the firing of individual GP neurons when monkeys performed smooth pursuit. We found that a subset of neurons in both the external and the internal segments of the GP modulated firing during pursuit, suggesting that pathways through the GP might play roles in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements. NeuroReport 20:121-125 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes endemic or epidemic outbreaks of CHIK fever, which typically manifests as a febrile illness. To develop a CHIKV-specific diagnostic test, CHIKV capsid protein was expressed using a baculovirus expression system.

Positron emission tomography imaging was carried out in Sprague Dawley rats (five control

and five streptozotocin-induced diabetic) and BioBreeding diabetes-prone rats (three at 7 weeks and three at 12 weeks) using the high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) after 0.187 +/- 0.084 mCi [F-18]Ex(9-39) administration. Time activity curves were obtained from pancreas, liver and kidney. Pancreases were assayed for insulin content after the imaging study.

Results: Site-specifically labeled [F-18]Ex(9-39) was purified on a G15 open column with radiochemical and chemical purities >98%. Positron 4-Hydroxytamoxifen datasheet emission tomography imaging showed pancreatic standardized uptake value (SUV) peaked at 10 min and plateaued by 50 min to the end of scan (240 min). No correlations of pancreatic SUV with postmortem measures of insulin content were seen.

Conclusions: [F-18]Ex(9-39) was successfully prepared and used for PET imaging for the first time to measure pancreatic BCM. The results suggest that derivatization of the Lys27 residue might reduce binding affinity, as evidenced by the absence of specific binding. Exendin analogues radiolabeled at other sites may elucidate the active site required for binding. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Although 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic

acid (ANS) is frequently used in protein folding studies, the structural and thermodynamic effects of its binding to proteins are not well understood. Using high-resolution 4SC-202 two-dimensional NMR and human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) as a model protein, we obtained detailed information on ANS-protein interactions in the absence and presence of

urea. The effects of ambient to elevated temperatures on the affinity and specificity of ANS binding were assessed from experiments performed at 25 degrees C find more and 37 degrees C. Overall, the affinity of ANS was lower at 37 degrees C compared to 25 degrees C, but no significant change in the site specificity of binding was observed from the chemical shift perturbation data. The same site-specific binding was evident in the presence of 5.2 M urea, well within the unfolding transition region, and resulted in selective stabilization of the folded state. Based on the two-state denaturation mechanism, ANS-dependent changes in the protein stability were estimated from relative intensities of two amide resonances specific to the folded and unfolded states of IL-1ra. No evidence was found for any ANS-induced partially denatured or aggregated forms of IL-1ra throughout the experimental conditions, consistent with a cooperative and reversible denaturation process. The NMR results support earlier observations on the tendency of ANS to interact with solvent-exposed positively charged sites on proteins.

The risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism and bleeding associated with non-end-stage chronic kidney disease and with end-stage chronic kidney disease (i.e., disease requiring renal-replacement therapy) was estimated with the use of time-dependent Cox regression analyses. In addition, the effects of treatment with warfarin, aspirin, or both in patients with chronic kidney disease were compared with the effects in patients with no renal disease.

RESULTS

Of 132,372 patients included in the analysis, 3587 (2.7%) had non-end-stage

eFT-508 datasheet chronic kidney disease and 901 (0.7%) required renal-replacement therapy at the time of inclusion. As compared with patients who did not have renal disease, patients with non-end-stage chronic kidney disease had an increased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 1.59; P<0.001), as did those requiring renal-replacement therapy (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.57 to 2.14; P<0.001); this risk was significantly decreased for both groups of patients with warfarin but not with CBL0137 molecular weight aspirin. The risk of bleeding was also increased among patients who had non-end-stage chronic kidney disease or required renal-replacement therapy and was further increased with warfarin, aspirin, or both.

CONCLUSIONS

Chronic kidney disease was associated with an increased risk of stroke or systemic

thromboembolism and bleeding among patients with atrial fibrillation. Warfarin treatment was associated with a decreased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism among patients Eltanexor supplier with chronic kidney disease, whereas warfarin and aspirin were associated with an increased risk of bleeding. (Funded

by the Lundbeck Foundation.)”
“Stem cell differentiation is regulated by the complex interplay of multiple parameters, including adhesive intercellular interactions, cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix remodeling, and gradients of agonists and antagonists that individually and collectively vary as a function of spatial locale and temporal stages of development. Current approaches to direct stem cell differentiation focus on systematically understanding the relative influences of microenvironmental perturbations and simultaneously engineering platforms aimed at recapitulating physicochemical aspects of tissue morphogenesis. This review focuses on novel approaches to control the spatiotemporal dynamics of stem cell signaling and morphogenic remodeling to direct the differentiation of stem cells and develop functional tissues for in vitro screening and regenerative medicine technologies.”
“Objective: Older spousal caregivers of dementia patients have been found to show a relatively poor antibody response to medical vaccination. In the present case control study in a different caregiving environment, we sought to compare antibody responses to vaccination in parents of children with disabilities and parents of typically developing children.

Conclusion: It should be feasible and necessary to measure three representative hemodynamic parameters (RAR, RPSV, and RIR or RSR) in the diagnosis of :50% RAS. The PSVs in the abdominal aorta and renal artery can be affected by factors other than RAS, which may decrease the accuracy of RAR. However, post-PSV ratios are minimally Selleckchem AG-120 affected by PSV in the abdominal aorta or by all equal proportional change in PSVs in the renal artery trunk and its intrarenal renal arteries; therefore, use of post-PSV ratios dramatically overcomes some limitations of RAR.”
“Objectives. Isolated dissection of a splanchnic artery, including the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and inferior mesenteric artery, and their branches,

is a relatively rare condition. This study was conducted to define the characteristics of patients with splanchnic artery dissection and the clinical MK-2206 in vivo course of isolated splanchnic artery dissection.

Methods. The records of 19 patients were reviewed to survey demographic data, the location of dissection, symptoms, diagnostic modalities, treatment,

and long-term outcome.

Results. The locations of dissection were the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in 11 patients, celiac artery in 3, both celiac artery and SMA in 2, and common hepatic artery, celiac artery to splenic artery, and celiac artery to proper hepatic artery in 1 each. In all but one with systemic sclerosis and Sjogren syndrome, the underlying cause of dissection was unclear. There were 12 asymptomatic and seven symptomatic patients. All cases were diagnosed by computed tomography. Surgical treatment was performed in one patient with a large aneurysm of the common hepatic artery, and the remaining 18 patients were followed-up conservatively. The mean follow-up duration was 20.9 +/- 25.4 months (range, 2-116 months). No expansion or progression of the false lumen was observed in these patients.

Conclusion: Patients with spontaneous dissection of the splanchnic arteries are often asymptomatic, and in this series, none developed significant end organ ischemia. Most patients with this rare condition can be managed expectantly with clinical follow-up including

computed tomography imaging to assess aneurysm formation.”
“Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze our 25-year experience with surgical treatment of selleck chemical visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs), with particular attention paid to early and long-term results.

Materials and Methods. From January 1982 to September 2007, 55 patients (32 males, 58%, and 23 females, 42%) underwent surgical treatment of 59 VAAs. Only one patient was treated with an endovascular procedure. Mean patient age was 59.3 years (range, 36-78 years). The site of aneurysmal disease was splenic artery in 30 (50.8%) cases, renal artery in nine (15.2%) cases, common hepatic artery in seven (11.9%) cases, pancreaticodundenal artery in four (6.8%) cases, celiac trunk in three (5.

The response of MSNs to both the stimulant amphetamine (0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg) and the antipsychotic eticlopride (0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg) remained highly heterogeneous, with each drug causing both increases and decreases in the firing rate of many MSNs. By contrast,

FSIs showed a far more uniform, dose-dependent response to both drugs. All FSIs had decreased firing rate after high eticlopride. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/selonsertib-gs-4997.html After high amphetamine most FSIs increased firing rate, and none decreased. In addition, the activity of the FSI population was positively correlated with locomotor activity, whereas the MSN population showed no consistent response. Our results show a direct relationship between the psychomotor effects A-1210477 in vitro of dopaminergic drugs and the firing rate of a specific striatal cell population. Striatal FSIs may have an important role in the behavioral effects of these drugs, and thus may be a valuable target in the development of novel therapies. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 1261-1270; doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.226; published online 20 January 2010″
“Several different studies have separately established that serotonin, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors, and the hippocampus are involved in fear memory retrieval. The main aim of this study is to connect these separate studies. To assess the levels of anxiety/fear, we used the contextual

fear-conditioning test and the elevated plus maze test as memory-dependent and memory-independent tasks, respectively. We injected CRF receptor antagonists or vehicle into the median raphe nucleus (MRN) 10 min before behavioral tests. As a result, 1000 ng of astressin 2B (CRF(2) receptor antagonist), but not 250 ng of antalarmin (CRF(1) receptor antagonist), significantly PF299804 in vivo suppressed the expression rate of freezing behavior in the contextual fear-conditioning test. However, in the elevated plus

maze test, there was no difference between astressin 2B-injected rats and saline-injected rats in the time spent in open arms. Neither the amount of exploratory behavior nor the moving distance in the EPM of astressin 2B-injected rats differed from that of vehicle-injected rats. Moreover, when we assessed the extracellular serotonin release in the ventral hippocampus in freely moving rats through in vivo microdialysis, it was shown that the blockade of the CRF2 receptor in the MRN suppressed serotonin release in the ventral hippocampus during fear memory retrieval. These results indicated that endogenous CRF and/or related ligands that were released in the MRN could activate the CRF2 receptor and stimulate serotonin release in the ventral hippocampus, thereby inducing fear memory retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 1271-1278; doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.

Additional experiments were performed following pre-treatment with the P-glycoprotein modulator tariquidar.

Results: [C-11]quinidine was metabolized rapidly, whereas [C-11]laniquidar was more stable. Brain concentrations of both radiotracers remained at relatively low levels at baseline conditions. Tariquidar pre-treatment resulted in significant increases of [C-11]quinidine and [C-11]laniquidar brain concentrations. In the epileptic EPZ004777 solubility dmso subgroup “”non-responders”", brain uptake of [C-11]quinidine in selected brain regions reached higher levels than in electrode-implanted control rats. However, the relative response to tariquidar did not differ

between groups with full blockade of P-glycoprotein by 15 mg/kg of tariquidar. For [C-11]laniquidar differences between epileptic and control animals were only evident at baseline conditions but not after tariquidar

pretreatment.

Conclusions: We confirmed that both [C-11]quinidine and [C-11]laniquidar are P-glycoprotein substrates. At full P-gp blockade, tariquidar pre-treatment only demonstrated slight differences for [C-11]quinidine between drug-resistant and drug-sensitive animals. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Computed tomography (CT) scans are routinely used for graft surveillance in patients who have had endovascular repair (EVAR) of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. There is a growing concern for cancers associated with inadvertent use of CT scans. We report the estimated risk of radiation associated solid organ malignancy caused by routine surveillance CT after

EVAR using the Biological AG-120 chemical structure Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR VII) model created by U.S. National Institute of Science and National Research Council.

Methods: Our study estimated the excess relative risk (ERR) of a patient acquiring a solid organ malignancy secondary to radiation exposure from postoperative EVAR surveillance CT imaging. The radiation dose was calculated in sieverts (Sv). The ERR of solid organ malignancy, as given by the BEIR VII model, is = beta(s) D exp gamma e* (a/60)(n), where beta(s), gamma, and eta are data-derived parameters, SSR128129E e is age at exposure, and e* = (e-30)/10 for e < 30 and zero for e >= 30, a is attained age, and D is dose in sieverts. Dose-weighted ERRs were calculated to allow a comparison of malignancy risk when using a CT at all time points (model 1: 0, 1, 6, 12, and 18 months, 2, 3, and 4 years, and yearly thereafter) vs replacing the CT scan with two other models (model 2: CT once in 3 years) and (model 3: CT once in 5 years). The risk was stratified by age groups, sex, and use of two different radiation doses (15 or 31 mSv) per CT scan. Statistical analysis used the paired t test.

Results: There were significant differences between the ERR of solid organ malignancy in those patients who would undergo surveillance CTs at all time points vs those whose surveillance consisted of alternative modalities at some time points (P < .0001).

Furthermore, patients responded slower than controls specifically on recognition trials followed by successful cued recall of the paired associate. Reduced recall of picture pairs and increased response times during recognition followed by cued recall covaried with the volume loss in the parvocellular MD. This pattern suggests a role of this thalamic region in recall and thus recollection, which does not fit the

framework proposed by Aggleton and Brown (1999). The functional specialization of the parvocellular MD accords with its connectivity to the dorsolateral PFC, highlighting the role of this thalamocortical network in explicit memory (Van der Werf et al., 2003). (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Biomonitoring is the process by which biomarkers are measured in human tissues and specimens to evaluate exposures. selleck products Given the growing number of population-based biomonitoring surveys, Z-VAD-FMK research buy there is now an escalated interest in using biomarker data to reconstruct exposures for supporting risk assessment and risk management. While detection of biomarkers is de facto evidence of exposure and absorption, biomarker data cannot be used to reconstruct exposure unless other information is available to establish the external exposure-biomarker concentration relationship. In this review, the process of using biomarker

data and other information to reconstruct human exposures is examined. Information that is essential to the exposure reconstruction process includes (1) the type of biomarker based on its origin (e. g., endogenous vs. exogenous), (2) the purpose/design of the biomonitoring study (e. g., occupational monitoring), (3) exposure information (including product/chemical use scenarios and reasons for expected contact, the physicochemical properties of the chemical and nature of the residues, and likely exposure scenarios),

and (4) an understanding of the biological system and mechanisms of clearance. This review also presents the use of exposure modeling, pharmacokinetic Erlotinib modeling, and molecular modeling to assist in integrating these various types of information.”
“The nucleolar proteins, fibrillarin and nucleophosmin, have been identified immunofluorescently in the root meristematic cells of soybean seedlings under varying experimental conditions: at 25A degrees C (control), chilling at 10A degrees C for 3 h and 4 days and recovery from the chilling stress at 25A degrees C. In each experimental variant, the immunofluorescence signals were present solely at the nucleolar territories. Fluorescent staining for both proteins was mainly in the shape of circular domains that are assumed to correspond to the dense fibrillar component of the nucleoli. The fewest fluorescent domains were observed in the nucleoli of chilled plants, and the highest number was observed in the plants recovered after chilling.