(2000) Experimental agroforestry systems  Kudzu Pueraria phaseoloides Brazilian Amazon Lieberei et al. (2000)  Achiote Bixa orellana  Brazil nut Bertholletia excelsa  Cupuaçu Theobroma grandiflorum  Coconut Cocos nucifera Brazilian Amazon Clement (1986)  Uvilla Pourouma cecropiaefolia  Cupuassu Theobroma grandiflorum  Graviola Annona muricata  Biriba Rollinia mucosa  Breadfruit Artocarpus

altilis Brazilian Amazon (“food forest” experiment) Arkoll (1982)  Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus  Cacao AZD2171 Theobroma cacao Bahia, Brazil Alvim et al. (1992)  Black pepper Piper nigrum  Cassava Manihot esculenta Pucallpa, Peru Pérez and Loayza (1989)  Chiclayo Vigna sinensis  Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan  Pineapple Ananas comosus  Guava Inga edulis Pucallpa, Peru (natural terraces for erosion control) Vargas and Aubert (1996) In Costa Rica and Colombia,

selleck chemicals peach palm is commonly cultivated with coffee and banana, and in Brazil, it is recommended as a shade tree for cacao (Clement 1986). In the Brazilian Amazon, Lieberei et al. (2000) identified peach palm grown with Pueraria phaseoloides, Bixa orellana, Bertholletia excelsa and Theobroma grandiflorum as a promising multi-strata system for optimal resource cycling. Peach palm can be also cultivated with coconut as well as with various short-cycle crops, such as pineapple, papaya, and passion fruit, which give farmers rapid returns on investment in the early years of production (Clement 1986). In the Colombian Pacific region, farmers typically cultivate peach palm with Borojoa patinoi, Colocasia esculenta, Musa spp. and Eugenia stipitata. In those agroforestry systems peach palm occupies around 38 % of the available space in farmers’ fields (CIAT, unpublished data). In the Peruvian Amazon peach palm is cultivated within agroforestry mosaics that are characterized by several components, such as annual subsistence crops (e.g., manioc, yam and plantain), fruit crops (e.g., pineapple, cashew and guava),

and late-maturing fruit trees (e.g., Pouraqueiba sericea and Theobroma bicolor). In such agroforestry systems peach palm is grown at a density of approximately 290 trees ha−1 O-methylated flavonoid (Coomes and Burt 1997), though in most traditional Amazonian agroforestry systems Autophagy inhibitor densities of only 3–20 plants ha−1 have been reported (Clement 1989; Clay and Clement 1993). Peach palm is also commonly cultivated in monoculture, with an average plant density of around 400 plants ha−1 (Mora-Kopper et al. 1997; Clement et al. 2004). Peach palm in monoculture tends to be smaller than in multi-strata systems, primarily because of less competition for light (Schroth et al. 2002a). In Colombia peach palm is planted for fruit production on an estimated 9,580 ha, with 73 % on the Pacific coast, 22 % in the Amazon region, and the rest (5 %) in other regions of the country.